If you go by social media, you will have no choice but to think there is a debate going on between two camps on the topic of what really drives weight loss. Is it ‘eat less, move more’, also known as calories in calories out (the claim that weight loss comes down to thermodynamics: eat fewer calories than you burn and you will lose weight), or is it out of balance hormones which we just need to…optimise?

If you too are puzzled about how serious experts, people who clearly know their field, can disagree so completely, and you are struggling to figure out the ‘right’ answer - this article is for you.

There is no weight loss without a calorie deficit

To lose fat, you need to burn more energy than you take in. There is no debate around that. A calorie is nothing more than a unit of energy, a way to measure how much goes into the body and how much the body spends to keep us alive, moving, thinking and breathing. When you exercise, you burn more calories than when you are at rest. Hence, the more you move, the more energy you require, the more calories you burn.

When we’re in a calorie deficit, i.e. we spend more energy than we generate from eating food, that spent energy has to come from somewhere. If there is not enough food eaten to generate the energy needed, our body starts generating energy from our own reserves. The body breaks down fat, and sometimes muscle, to make up the difference. That is what weight loss physically is.

This part isn’t really controversial. It’s physics. If the body isn’t fed enough to cover its energy needs, it draws on what it has stored, and we lose weight. Ideally from fat rather than muscle, though that depends a great deal on how we go about the weight loss process.

So why do people say it’s not about calories?

You’ll also hear, just as loudly, that weight loss isn’t about calories at all. It’s about hormones. Inflammation. Insulin. All the machinery running quietly in the background that decides whether we store fat or burn it.

And that’s also true. Our body is not a fixed engine. It does not have fixed inputs and outputs. Our engine is constantly changing and transforming, reacting to our environment and to other changing signals in our body. So how much we absorb and use from food and how much we extract or burn for energy - fluctuates, all the time.

Let’s take a woman in midlife for example. When oestrogen falls in perimenopause, insulin sensitivity goes down. When the cells become less responsive to insulin, blood sugar stays elevated longer because insulin isn’t doing its job efficiently (opening the cells up to take in sugar).

Our body always takes the easiest fuel source available. With high blood sugar sitting there, the body will burn that sugar first. Meanwhile, elevated insulin is also signaling the body to store fat rather than burn it.

So our theoretical midlife woman ends up in a situation where sugar is more abundant and thus being burned for any needed energy, but any excess is being stored as fat, because of the higher insulin, and fat burning is not needed and not happening.

In that situation the body has a reduced ability to flexibly switch between fuel sources. When you’re insulin sensitive, your body can easily flip between “burn the carbs I just ate” and “tap into stored fat.” With insulin resistance, that switch gets sticky. The dial moves more into burning available sugar and holding onto stored fat.

It’s what’s often called a loss of metabolic flexibility, the ability to move smoothly between fuels depending on what’s available.

The practical result: fat is harder to lose even if the ingested calories are the same - because they are not used or burned the same way. It’s also why you will hear women in midlife suddenly saying: ‘I am eating and exercising exactly the same as I used to, but I am suddenly gaining weight.’

‘Calories in, calories out’ still holds true, but the engine mechanics have suddenly changed and now, despite doing the exact same ‘exercise’ you are burning less. The engine is not as efficient.

So the equation holds, but what drives each side of it has changed. And that nuance isn’t explained when people say it’s not the calories.

If we picture fat loss as an equation, energy in minus energy out, the calories in, calories out crowd are right that the equation holds. What most thermodynamics thinking misses is that it treats the body like an engine, a fixed machine that burns a set amount of fuel to produce a set amount of work.

But we are not fixed engines. Our whole biology is a web of feedback loops, constantly reading our environment and adjusting to keep us alive and safe. Both sides of that equation move. And for women with our special fluctuating hormonal picture, they move even more.

Let’s walk through another example.

When you lose fat, your fat cells shrink. And fat cells aren’t just storage - they’re constantly sending out a hormone called leptin. Leptin is essentially our body’s fuel gauge. When fat stores are full, leptin is high, and it tells your brain “we have plenty, everything’s fine.” When fat stores shrink, leptin drops, and your brain reads that drop as “danger - we don’t have enough reserves.”

Your brain doesn’t know you’re dieting on purpose and doesn’t care that your jeans don’t button up. It sees the fuel gauge dropping and an ancient part of your brain interprets a falling fuel gauge the same way it always has: we are heading for a possible famine. There are hard times ahead and I need to do what I need to do so that we can survive.

What it does is respond on two fronts at once:

It turns hunger up: Ghrelin, the hormone that drives appetite, rises. Food becomes more interesting, more rewarding, harder to ignore. Your brain is doing exactly what it’s designed to do, pushing you to refuel.

It turns spending down: Your body starts running the same tasks on less energy. Thyroid hormone (T3) dips, which lowers your resting metabolism (how many calories you burn at rest). Your nervous system quietens the systems that burn energy through heat and movement. You also tend to fidget less and move less without noticing. Every one of these is your body trying to conserve fuel, by burning less calories.

Put those two together and you get a gap. You’re hungrier than the math says you should be, and you’re burning less than the math says you should be. So holding onto that lower weight suddenly requires eating even less than you’d expect, while feeling hungrier the whole time.

The thermodynamics equation holds: if you are consuming less calories than you are burning, you will lose weight. But consuming less and burning the same or more, becomes so much harder.

To make it even more fun, some of these changes don’t fully switch off when you stop dieting. Your metabolism can temporarily stay lowered even after you’ve regained the weight. So the next time you try, you’re often starting from a body that’s already running a bit more efficiently than before - meaning the same deficit does a little less work than it used to.

So from the outside it can look as though calories in, calories out has stopped working. It hasn’t. One side of the equation changed while we carried on eating and moving as though nothing had. The maths still holds. The numbers on each side of the equation are changing.

Why it matters

Does the debate on social media matter? I will argue it does, because of the story we’ve been told about weight.

Yes, calories in, calories out is true. But the implication underneath it is that it’s a simple math equation. Losing weight is simple: you eat less than you burn and all will be well. And if you can’t manage that, then you must be eating too much, or moving too little, or you simply don’t want it badly enough. It’s the will power argument and it feeds years and years of moral implications directed at overweight individuals. Why won’t you just move more or eat less?

That framing badly underestimates what we’re actually up against, which is millions of years of evolution built to hold on to body fat and a modern food environment engineered to manipulate our biology to over consume. Top that up with a biology that adjusts both sides of the equation the moment we try to make a change.

None of this means that change isn’t possible. It absolutely is. But it does mean this was never the simple sum we were sold and that ‘eat less, move more’, while true, is a gross simplification of the story.

Because once we understand the real forces at work, the ones managing hunger, fuel and energy in the background, we can stop reading every setback as a personal failing and start working with our body instead of against it.

Once you understand how the mechanics work, and what levers you can shift to make a change, there is much less room for beating yourself up or for self hatred. You can approach it from a place of compassion instead. That’s a very different place to begin from, and a far more hopeful one.

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This article is the second in a series of articles about weight medications. Read part 1 - here.

My initial reaction to GLP-1 medications was not a neutral one.

As someone training in nutritional therapy, who writes about a health-first approach to weight loss and believes deeply in what food and lifestyle can do for your health, my first instinct when these medications entered my awareness was suspicious antagonism. Who are these people willing to take on unknown risks and frightening side effects for the sake of losing weight? I know and have seen first hand that nutrition and lifestyle work - why would you go there?

That thought was mostly shaped by what I was reading in the media. The coverage of these medications, especially early on, oscillated between two extremes: miracle drug or source of all evil. From nausea and constipation on the mild end, all the way to blindness, thyroid cancer and pancreatic damage at the other - it read like a catalogue of horrors. The kind of list that makes you think: who would willingly do this to themselves? Why won’t they just try the ‘natural’ way?

That instinct made sense, but it didn’t hold up against everything I learned later having read hundreds of accounts of actual users’ lived experiences.

Because the reality is that many people have already tried everything, “natural” or otherwise. Diet after diet, year after year, losing weight and gaining it back, sometimes multiple times over. It often worked, but for many it never did and even for those who succeeded, it was a lifelong struggle. Not because they lacked information, willpower or commitment, but because for some people the biological cards are stacked in a way that makes sustained weight loss genuinely, extraordinarily difficult.

For anyone who have struggled with their weight or is still struggling (present company included) - you know that struggle is likely never going to go away. You might master the what and how, but it is likely part of who you are, for life.

Many people never really managed to conquer that hill, despite doing everything they are told to do. They are not taking the easy way out. They are already doing everything they can - nutrition, movement, lifestyls - all the things. Yet they still feel like they are failing, or at the very least struggling hard. These medications offer something that nothing else has. They make the journey doable. Maybe not easy and definitely not a magic pill, but suddenly possible. And that’s a very significant thing, or as one Reddit user memorably wrote after his first week on the medication: “what is this sorcery?!”

Costs aside, the main reason people avoid considering weight medications as an option is the fear of side effects, both short and long term.

So in this post I want to give a more nuanced picture of what we actually know about side effects - why things are happening, what can be done about them, and where the picture is still not entirely clear. As before: not here to convince you either way, just to help you understand what you’re looking at.

Different people go through a different experience

Let’s start by acknowledging the enormous variability in how people experience these medications. Reading through user accounts you find every point on the spectrum. Some people report virtually no side effects, maybe some mild nausea in the first couple of weeks, then nothing. Others are so significantly affected and genuinely suffer, even at lower doses, that they stop taking the medication altogether. Most people are somewhere in between, experiencing some side effects, learning to manage them, finding their own balance over time.

There is no way of predicting what your experience will look like. The research tells us what’s possible, but it cannot tell you what your experience will be.

Some emerging research suggests genetics plays a role. Specific genetic variants have been associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, reflux and digestive disruption, while others don’t. On the exact same dose one person can have no symptoms and another might struggle. It’s not mindset or tolerance, but likely your biological setup.

Three things that shape your side effect experience

Before going through what the side effects actually are, it helps to understand what determines how someone experiences them.

The first is dose - The higher the dose, the more likely you are to experience side effects and the more intense they tend to be. More medication means more receptor activation across more systems in the body. It also brings up a separate conversation about whether the standard dose escalating protocol, where patients start on a lower dose and move to increasingly higher doses at pre-determined intervals, is actually the right approach for everyone. More on that in a separate post.

The second is how you manage the process - these medications suppress appetite and at higher doses, can sometimes blunt thirst signals too. Thirst and hunger are regulated by overlapping circuits in the hypothalamus (an area in the brain) and some research suggests these medications may suppress the drive to drink water independently of their effect on food intake. The same signal that’s telling you you’re full is, to some extent, also telling you you’re not thirsty.

As you eat and drink less, your body gets less of what it needs: nutrients, hydration, protein, fibre. The medications also slow gastric emptying, meaning food spends longer in the stomach before moving into the intestines, creating knock-on effects like constipation, reflux or nausea. But many of these aren’t the medication doing something to you - they’re your body responding to what’s happening to it. If you actively counter them, many reduce significantly or disappear.

The third is the speed of weight loss - When a lot of weight drops very quickly, the body adapts by conserving energy and prioritising essential functions (and deprioritising what’s less essential for survival). This produces effects that look like side effects of the medication, but are really just the body reacting to the rapid change in weight, the same way it would have reacted to any form of rapid weight loss. Slower, more supported weight loss produces far fewer of these knock-on effects.

Understanding these three levers changes how you read the list of side effects. A lot of what gets attributed to the drug is actually attributable to how it’s being used. Having said that, these medications do have side effects that are directly drug-related.

Newer research increasingly shows outcomes that can't simply be explained by how weight loss is managed. Reading through enough user accounts you find plenty of anacdotal evidence of side effects happening despite people supposedly doing everything right: adequate nutrition, slower weight loss, all the recommended steps. There is still a lot we don’t fully understand about what these medications are doing in the body and i will touch on that later.

What’s common and why

The gastrointestinal side effects: nausea, constipation, reflux, diarrhea - are the most widely reported, and they share a common cause. The medications slow gastric emptying and can slow movement through parts of the digestive tract. Food moves more slowly through the stomach and gut, which is part of how they create satiety, but also what disrupts normal digestive rhythm.

Nausea affects somewhere between 20-50% of people, with a broadly similar range across both semaglutide and tirzepatide, depending on the study and dose. It’s usually worst at the start and when doses go up, then eases as the body adjusts within a few weeks at each level. Two mechanisms are at play: the slowed gastric emptying and direct activation of GLP-1 receptors in the part of the brain that controls nausea. Because both are involved, dietary adjustments help but don’t eliminate it for everyone. GI side effects are one of the most common reasons people stop taking these medications altogether.

Constipation affects roughly one in five users and follows the same logic - slower gut motility plus less food and fluid going in leads to stool drying out. The same things that help with constipation off medications, work here too: more fibre, more water, movement. Psyllium husk is one of the best-evidenced options. The challenge is that on suppressed appetite, getting enough of any of these consistently requires real planning and paying attention to what you eat.

Fatigue comes up frequently in user accounts, often as one of the more troublesome day-to-day effects - yet it barely registers in clinical trial data. Some is explained by reduced calorie intake, some by changes in dopamine signalling, some may relate to peak drug concentration in the days following injection. There’s also a component that isn’t fully explained yet. Most people say it improves over time.

Hair loss generates a lot of anxiety but not all hair loss is a result of the same cause. Some is a biological response to rapid weight loss - hair follicles going into a resting phase and shedding months later, which happens after any significant weight loss (on medications or not) and typically resolves. Some is nutritional deficiency from not eating enough protein, iron and zinc, which is largely preventable with proper attention to what you eat. But emerging evidence suggests there may be a third category - effects on the hair follicle cycle that don’t yet seem fully explained by weight loss or nutritional deficiency. They show up even in people losing modest amounts of weight slowly and eating well. Clinical trials consistently show hair loss rates two to five times higher than placebo. If you read enough user accounts on Reddit you’ll see it again and again: people who didn’t lose much weight, lost it slowly, claim to have eaten adequately, and still lost significant amounts of hair. Some hair loss is preventable, some resolves on its own, and some is still genuinely unexplained.

Other common side effects that get mentioned often, are: headaches, mild injection site reactions, burps or heartburn, and an increase in resting heart rate or heart palpitations.

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When it’s not (only) the drug, it’s how you go about losing weight

The headlines about ozempic face and ozempic butt, the gaunt look and muscle loss - while real, are partly a function of how the weight loss is being done rather than an inevitable consequence of the medication. When the body is in caloric restriction, it is looking to create available energy by breaking down both fat and muscle. To maintain muscle mass, research tells us we need an adequate amount of protein and to challenge, break and build our muscles through resistance training.

The problem with these medications is they can suppress appetite so effectively that people don’t eat enough protein and stop exercising - either because nobody told them they needed to or because the weight is coming off anyway so why bother.

Lean mass loss does happen - research suggests roughly 25-40% of weight lost on these medications is lean mass rather than fat. But that proportion isn’t unique to GLP-1 medications, it’s broadly what happens with any significant caloric restriction. Adequate protein combined with resistance training substantially reduces the risk.

Gallstones are another example of a combined effect of both the medications and the weight loss itself. When you lose weight quickly, the body breaks down stored fat rapidly to generate energy. Bile is a fluid the liver makes to help digest fat or fatty acids. It is made partly from cholesterol, which dissolves in it. When the body breaks down stored body fat for energy, during rapid weight loss, the liver in an attempt to process the surge in fatty acids, releases more cholesterol into bile than the mixture can keep dissolved, so it starts forming crystals instead of staying liquid. This happens with any rapid weight loss - people who lose weight quickly through bariatric surgery develop gallstones at almost double the rate GLP-1 users do, which tells you something about how much of this is speed of weight loss rather than the drug itself.

The drug adds a second layer: GLP-1 medications appear to reduce the signalling that tells the gallbladder to contract and release bile, so bile sits stagnant for longer, becoming more concentrated. In clinical trials around 2-3% of people develop gallbladder issues, roughly double the general population rate, with risk highest in the first year. In more serious cases it can mean having the gallbladder removed.

Bone density is another area worth paying attention to. Our bones are constantly being broken down and rebuilt - it’s an ongoing process that keeps them strong. Two things can disrupt that balance during GLP-1-driven weight loss.

The first is the weight loss itself. Bones respond to load - the more weight they carry, the stronger they stay. As the weight comes off, that stimulus reduces, and so does the signal to keep rebuilding.

The second is less clear. A randomised trial found that a year of semaglutide reduced hip and lumbar spine bone density compared to people not taking it, with bone breakdown happening without a matching increase in rebuilding. Whether that’s the drug doing something directly, or simply a consequence of losing weight quickly, isn’t yet fully understood.

What is clear from the research: people who did structured exercise alongside the medication maintained their bone density. Those who didn’t, didn’t. Which is another reason exercise on these medications is a must.

The thing most people don’t realise going in is that being on these medications actually requires more attention to what you’re doing, not less. When you’re barely hungry, it’s easy to barely eat and as a result to not eat enough of what your body needs. Every bite matters more, not less, because there are fewer of them. You still need to move, to excercise, to build and maintain muscle, to pay attention to how fast the weight is coming off. The medication takes care of the hunger, but it doesn’t take care of everything else.

Sadly some people seem to think that once they’re on the medication, they no longer need to worry about diet, exercise, or other aspects of health. As the weight comes off, it creates the impression that the goal is being achieved, without all the effort that was required to achieve it before. The reality is that for long-term health, ease of maintenance and so much more, this is exactly the time to focus on what you’re eating, on making sure it supports your body, on exercising and on putting your health first as you lose the weight.

It’s also a great time to examine and improve your relationship with food. Taking advantage of the sudden peace around food and the fact that things feel easier, to inspect how you eat and change any habits that no longer serve you, introducing better ones instead.

The rarer, scarier effects

These are the effects that make headlines, the ones no one wants to encounter. They’re significant enough for people to name them as the reason to avoid these medications.

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas has two functions: it produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar (the part GLP-1 medications target directly) and it produces digestive enzymes that travel through a network of small ducts into the small intestine to help digest food. GLP-1 receptors sit on both the insulin-producing cells and the cells lining those small ducts. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how these medications might contribute to pancreatitis in susceptible people, although none has been conclusively established. One hypothesis is that prolonged receptor stimulation may alter the cells lining these ducts in ways that affect how digestive enzymes move through the pancreas. Another is that delayed gastric emptying changes pressure dynamics in the upper digestive tract, which may compound existing risk in people who already have gallstones or very high triglycerides.

The actual incidence of pacreatitis is low. Early trials suggested a slight increase in risk, but larger analyses across tens of thousands of patients haven’t confirmed a meaningful increase compared to placebo. Real-world case reports still occur, and doctors tend to be cautious especially in the first six months. For people with a history of pancreatitis caused by very high triglycerides, GLP-1 medications may actually reduce recurrence risk, because they lower triglycerides. The same drug can carry a different risk profile depending on your individual history.

Gastroparesis - or stomach paralysis, is a more severe relative of everyday constipation and slow digestion. With gastroparesis, the stomach muscles stop contracting properly, so food can sit in the stomach far longer than normal. In severe cases it can mean weeks of vomiting, dehydration, oesophageal damage, and in rare instances a build-up of undigested material requiring medical intervention. In the general population it’s considered rare. Delayed gastric emptying is common on GLP-1 medications, but true gastroparesis, which is usually confirmed through specific testing rather than symptoms alone, is still uncommon. People with diabetes and pre-existing nerve damage are at higher risk. The reassuring part is that it’s generally reversible when the dose is lowered or when you stop taking the medication.

Thyroid cancer - concerns started with animal studies showing GLP-1 receptor activation caused thyroid tumours in rodents, which led to the FDA black box warning (the strongest warning the FDA requires on a medication’s label) and to the recommendation that anyone with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2 syndrome needs to avoid these medications. GLP-1 receptors aren’t expressed in normal human thyroid tissue the way they are in rodents, so the animal finding doesn’t translate directly. The human evidence is mixed: large clinical trial analyses have generally found no association, while some observational studies have found elevated signals with longer duration of medication use. Bottom line - we don’t have the full picture yet.

Vision loss - specifically a condition called NAION, received a lot of attention due to its severity and the volume of lawsuits filed over it. Thousands are pending against Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly in the US (GLP-1s manufcaturers), claiming the companies failed to adequately warn patients and doctors about the risks. NAION is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the optic nerve, causing permanent vision loss that can’t be reversed - definitely a fear inducing outcome. A study from Harvard published in 2024 found diabetic patients on semaglutide were over four times more likely to develop it, and people taking it for weight loss appeared at even higher risk. That finding came from a small specialised clinic population, and the picture has gotten even more unclear since - a large international study found no clear increase, a Danish study of over 400,000 people found a doubling of risk in diabetes patients specifically, and a more recent review found a smaller, less certain increase overall with no statistically significant risk for weight loss use specifically. The European Medicines Agency opened a formal safety review in early 2025. The absolute numbers are small, but because vision loss is permanent, the potential for harm is significant, especially if you have pre-existing risk factors like sleep apnoea, cardiovascular disease or diabetes.

Putting it in perspective

When we talk about these side effects as though they exist in isolation, we lose perspective on what risk actually means in medicine.

Ibuprofen, a painkiller most of us take without a second thought, increases the risk of serious gastrointestinal bleeding two to three fold in regular users, causes stomach ulcers in 1-4% of people who take it long term, and can cause kidney damage within days in people who are dehydrated or over 60. Nobody writes alarming media features about it.

Statins, cholesterol-lowering medications taken daily by tens of millions for years or decades, cause muscle pain in roughly 1 in 10 people, and rarely this can progress to a breakdown of muscle tissue that can cause kidney failure and, in some cases, death. Yet you don’t hear people discuss the risk of statins at the pub.

Our perception of risk is shaped by novelty, attention and the cultural narrative around us, more than it is shaped by actual data. A new medication taken by millions of people, connected to weight loss, a subject already loaded with moral judgement, will attract scrutiny that medications embedded in everyday life for decades usually don’t.

I am not trying to say it shouldn’t get this scrutiny, but without paying attention to the context, it can very easily distort our views and influence our decisions.

The question is not whether a medication carries any risk, because every medication does. The question is whether the risks, when properly understood and disclosed, are proportionate to the benefits for a specific person, in a specific situation.

The question at the heart of all of this is simply: is it worth it for me? And that answer will be different for someone who is generally healthy and would like to lose a few kilos, versus someone whose weight is affecting their health, their sleep, their joints, their confidence, their ability to move through daily life.

That conversation belongs between a patient and their doctor and it’s an incredibly individual one. It involves aspects that are purely medical, but also, I’d argue, quality of life, how someone feels about themselves, and what change taking the medication might bring to their life compared to the risks. This is a conversation that very few people actually have before starting on GLP-1s.

There is a lot we don’t know

The GLP-1 drug class has been around for approximately 20 years. Semaglutide specifically has been in use for close to a decade. Enormous numbers of people are taking these medications as I write this, generating real-world data at a scale and speed that is truly unusual in medicine.

But there is still a lot we don’t know. We still don’t know all the effects of sustained GLP-1 receptor activation over several decades. We don’t know what it means for someone who starts taking the medications at 30 and stays on them for 40 years. We don’t know if there are cumulative effects we can’t yet see. The long-term picture is being written as we go.

The unknowns cut both ways. Research is finding benefits nobody anticipated - significant reductions in cardiovascular events, signals suggesting reduced cancer risk, potential applications in Alzheimer’s and addiction. I think we can safely assume that in 30 or 50 years we will know far more than we do now. Is that a reason not to take the medications, when they can make a real difference in your life today? That’s an individual call. It does mean they should be taken seriously and used thoughtfully.

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Another (significant) tool in the toolbox

The introduction of these medications doesn’t mean everything we know about weight loss, nutrition and health is suddenly redundant. This isn’t an either/or conversation.

For many people the fundamentals done well are sufficient and that’s exactly as it should be. But for others, even done well, they haven’t been enough to overcome a genuine biological disadvantage. People who prioritise nutrition, exercise and work hard at it and either struggle to lose the weight or lose it only to gain it back, again and again. For those people, these medications can be what finally makes the destination possible in a way it wasn’t before.

Thinking about these medications not as the ultimate solution, not as a replacement, but as a tool, something you can choose to incorporate or opt to avoid, in conversation with your medical provider, based on your situation, history, biology and goals, can, in some cases, help level the playing field enough that doing the fundamentals becomes possible in a way it never was before. Not instead of eating well, building habits, exercising, addressing your relationship with food. In addition to it. These things still matter enormously, and when they’re not addressed or maintained, that’s when many of the negative effects become worse and when the negative health consequences start.

At the end of the day, these medications suppress appetite, or as I heard someone describe it, provide “willpower in a bottle.” You still need to do everything to healthily lose the weight and maintain it, that you would have had to do before. The problems start when the medication is seen as a replacement for all of that. Once you start looking at it as a tool, and use the time on it to double down on the fundamentals, that’s when you see real, lasting change.

They are everywhere: in the news, in conversations, on social media or being taken by people you know. Let’s face it, someone in your life is either already on one, thinking about it, or has an opinion about someone who is.

As a soon to be nutritional therapist and someone who is planning to be active in this field you can’t talk about food, health and weight without understanding the systemic shift that is glp-1 medications.

So I went deep on this topic - reading the research, following the clinical trials, going through hundreds of Reddit testimonials from people on a medicated weight loss journey, and talking to people who are on these medications.

In the coming posts, I will be sharing a series of articles on GLP-1 medications - what I am learning and my thoughts about them.

I am not suggesting you should take them, and I am not suggesting you avoid them. I don’t think that’s my place, and frankly I don’t think it’s anyone’s place but yours and your doctor’s. What I do believe in, and what sits at the core of everything I write about, is that understanding the science behind what’s happening in your body puts you in a fundamentally better position to make decisions that are right for you. These medications are here, they are not going anywhere, and the conversation around them deserves more nuance than it usually gets.

One thing we can all agree on: It’s a revolution and it’s happening at scale

In the US, an October 2025 Gallup poll found that 12.4% of Americans (more than 30 million people) were taking a GLP-1 medication specifically for weight loss. That’s one in eight American adults. Nearly one in five American adults say they have taken a GLP-1 drug at some point in their lives.

In the UK, an estimated 1.6 million adults used drugs like Wegovy and Mounjaro for weight loss between early 2024 and early 2025, with an additional 3.3 million saying they would be interested in doing so in the coming year.

A study published in The Lancet, pooling data from 810,635 adults across 99 countries, found that more than one in four adults worldwide would be eligible for GLP-1 medications for weight management. That’s not a niche trend, it’s a global shift in how we think about and treat weight.

In Europe, Novo Nordisk - the Danish pharmaceutical company that makes Ozempic and Wegovy - became so profitable that its market cap at one point exceeded the entire GDP of Denmark. The entire country’s economic output, as a result of the success of products by one single company and one single drug class.

Weight loss medications are not just the latest health trend. They are a seismic shift.

How did we get here?

To understand why these medications are generating this level of attention, it helps to understand the scale of what they’re addressing. Around 70% of American adults are classified as overweight or living with obesity. In England, 64% of adults are classified as overweight or living with obesity, with 26.5% meeting the clinical definition of obese. These numbers represent a significant burden on individual health, quality of life, and healthcare systems.

This obviously goes way beyond aesthetics, it increases risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, joint problems, sleep apnea, and more. Researchers, doctors, and public health officials have been trying to address this for decades - through public campaigns, nutritional guidance, fitness programmes, endless diet plans - with very limited success at a population level.

And then something changed. In 2017, almost a decade ago , Ozempic was approved as a diabetes medication. Type 2 diabetes is essentially a blood sugar management problem - the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin, or doesn’t respond to it effectively, so glucose from food builds up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy.

GLP-1 medications address this in two ways: they prompt the pancreas to release more insulin when blood sugar rises after eating, and they suppress glucagon - the hormone that signals the liver to dump additional sugar into the bloodstream. The result is better blood sugar control, without the risk of dangerous drops in blood sugar that older diabetes medications carried, because both effects only kick in when glucose is actually elevated, i.e. when food is eaten.

As those medications were prescribed, patients and doctors began noticing something unexpected: significant, sustained weight loss. That side effect turned out to be so consistent and so substantial that it eventually became the main story. By 2021, a higher-dose version had been approved specifically for weight management under the name Wegovy and you know the rest of the story. A diabetes drug accidentally became the most effective weight loss medication ever developed.

How do they work?

GLP-1 stands for glucagon-like peptide-1, a hormone your small intestine naturally produces when you eat. This hormone does several things: it triggers insulin release and as a result lowers blood sugar levels, it slows the rate at which food empties from your stomach, and most importantly, it signals to your brain that you’re full and satisfied. It’s a natural part of our satiety system that’s there to say: food came in, we had enough and we can stop eating, cue satiety.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are drugs that mimic and amplify this hormone’s effects. In pharmacology, a receptor agonist is a molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it. It mimics the action of the natural substance that would normally bind there. So a GLP-1 receptor agonist is a drug that binds to the same receptors that your naturally produced GLP-1 hormone would bind to and triggers the same biological response. It’s essentially doing an impression of your own hormone, just a much longer-lasting and more potent one.

Natural GLP-1 hormone has a half-life of around 2 minutes in the bloodstream before it breaks down (half life = how long it takes for the concentration of a drug in your body to reduce by half and hence a proxy for how long it is still active in the body). These drugs have a half-life of between 5-7 days and they act consistently in the body, 24/7.

Let’s talk drug names

The two compounds you’ll hear most about are:

Semaglutide - sold as Ozempic (the diabetes version) and Wegovy (exact same medication, approved specifically for weight loss). Made by Novo Nordisk and available as a once-weekly injection that works on the GLP-1 receptor. As of June 2026, the Wegovy pill has also been approved by the MHRA here in the UK. The first oral GLP-1 medication licensed specifically for weight loss, taken once daily. A significant development hoping to entice people that were put off by the need to inject themselves.

Tirzepatide - sold as Mounjaro (diabetes) and Zepbound (weight loss) - again, the exact same drug with different designations. Made by Eli Lilly and available as a once-weekly injection that works on two receptors simultaneously - GLP-1 and another hormone called GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GIP is a gut hormone that works alongside GLP-1 to regulate insulin after meals and plays a role in how the body processes and stores energy from food. Because tirzepatide targets two pathways rather than one, it tends to produce greater weight loss. Clinical trials showed average weight loss of around 20% of body weight on the highest dose - something never seen from a weight loss medication before.

The drug in the pen is identical whether it’s prescribed for diabetes or weight loss. Only the licensed indication and the dose differ.

The next generation is already in development

This field is moving fast and it’s probably safe to say that most pharma companies are looking into some version of weight medication. Retatrutide is the most talked-about drug currently in late-stage clinical trials. It’s a triple agonist - meaning it targets three hormone pathways simultaneously: GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon. The glucagon activation is designed to increase how many calories the body burns at rest, adding an energy expenditure component on top of appetite suppression. In other words, you are not only limiting the number of calories coming in, but also increasing the number of calories going out - a combination that produces significant weight loss results.

Early trial data for retatrutide suggests weight loss potentially exceeding 20%, with reports of some participants having to quit the trials because they lost weight too quickly. There is no full regulatory approval data yet, but the direction of travel is clear: each new generation of these drugs appears to be more effective and better tolerated than the last.

How they actually work in the body

GLP-1 is not just a gut hormone. GLP-1 receptors are distributed across multiple locations in the body: in the pancreas, where they trigger insulin release; in the stomach, where they slow digestion so you stay full longer and very importantly: in the brain - specifically in the hypothalamus, the region that regulates hunger and fullness, and in the brainstem areas involved in reward and motivation.

When you eat, your intestine releases GLP-1 into the bloodstream. It travels to these receptor sites and triggers a cascade of responses: insulin goes up, digestion slows, fullness signals switch on. It’s a coordinated system that’s working anyway, for everyone, but with the medication they work for longer.

What these medications do is not trick the body. They amplify and extend a real, existing signal - the same one your body naturally produces after eating. The difference is duration: natural GLP-1 breaks down in minutes. The medication version lasts days, keeping satiety and blood sugar signals active at a consistent level.

Now this is the most fascinating part: research suggests that people with obesity produce up to 20% less GLP-1 in response to eating than people of a healthy weight. People with prediabetes produce up to 25% less GLP-1.

What makes this even more interesting is that this reduction appears to come before obesity develops, not just as a result of it.

In other words, a blunted or reduced satiety signal may be part of what made weight gain harder to resist in the first place - not a consequence of it. There is also evidence this is partly genetic: GLP-1 responses appear to be heritable, i.e. some people are simply born with a weaker satiety signalling system.

The point I want to make is that for many people, this isn’t about overriding biology. It’s about compensating for a deficit that was likely there all along - one that made hunger louder and fullness harder to feel, not because of a lack of willpower, or eating the wrong foods, but because of how their physiology was wired to start with.

GLP-1 and the brain

Another fascinating part of the biology is that GLP-1 receptors exist not just in the hunger regulation centres of the brain, but also in areas involved in dopamine signalling: the same system that drives craving, pleasure-seeking, and motivation.

When these receptors are activated, something shifts in how the brain processes reward. Things that felt compelling before: food, alcohol, nicotine - become less interesting and people report feeling less of a pull to consume them.

A 2025 randomised clinical trial published in JAMA Psychiatry found that people with alcohol use disorder who took low-dose semaglutide for nine weeks reported significantly fewer cravings and drank less on days they did drink compared to the placebo group. Another 2024 study in Nature Communications found that people prescribed semaglutide had a 50-56% lower risk of developing or relapsing into alcohol use disorder compared to those taking other weight loss medications. Early trials have also shown reductions in nicotine cravings and cigarettes smoked per day.

What this tells us about the mechanism is that these medications aren’t simply making people less hungry. They appear to dampen the brain’s reward response to things it had previously found irresistible. For people who have spent years feeling pulled towards food, alcohol, or other compulsive behaviours despite actively trying to stop, that is quite a finding. It also suggests these struggles were always more about brain chemistry than character.

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Food noise

I have read a ton of posts by patients on the medications. When they talk about their experience, one idea keeps coming up again and again, in slightly different versions and phrasing: “So is this how people who don’t struggle with food feel all the time?”, “I never believed thin people when they said they could forget to eat - now i get it” and so on. I don’t know if people who are thinner find themselves less preoccupied with thoughts about food but the concept is fascinating.

Food noise, the mental chatter about food: what to eat, what not to eat, resisting cravings, thinking about the next meal, negotiating with yourself constantly, all seem to just go away on these medications.

Many people, used to living like this for years, didn’t even realise it was a thing before they started on the medications. It was just the background hum of existing, who they were. It’s only when it disappears that people realise how much of a presence it had in their life.

Researchers are still trying to figure out exactly why this happens. Part of it is the slower gastric emptying (food stays in the stomach longer, so fullness signals stay for longer). Part of it is direct action on the brain’s reward pathways. But the experience itself, the silence after years of noise, is one of the most striking things people report, and it tells us something important about what was actually happening in the brain of people who struggle with food and weight. It was never just a lack of willpower…

I will probably write a separate post on this, but i find it very striking that the introduction of these medications and what we are learning about weight and biology as a result of it, might have strong implications culturally, in how our culture perceives people who are overweight or obese and about the ‘moral’ attributions historically made about what being fat signals. It makes you stop and think.

This is only the beginning…

GLP-1s are turning out to be an economic and cultural phenomenon, not just a medical one. The food and beverage industry is already modelling scenarios in which widespread GLP-1 adoption leads to a significant reduction in calorie consumption and grocery spending (less appetite means you don’t buy as much food). Airlines have reportedly been factoring in potential reductions in average passenger weight when calculating fuel needs. Fast food chains are preparing for reduced demand.

These sound like speculations. But the fact that these industries are modelling these scenarios tells you something about how bigger the scale of this shift could develop.

This is the beginning of the conversation, not the end

What’s clear is that GLP-1 medications represent something genuinely new - a class of drugs that work through biological mechanisms science has never been able to target effectively before.

And yet there is a big missed point in the conversation.

A medication that reduces appetite doesn’t automatically teach you how to eat well. It doesn’t build the habits that sustain health beyond weight loss. It doesn’t address the relationship with food that developed over decades. It doesn’t maintain muscle mass, support bone density, or ensure you’re getting adequate nutrition - things that are hugely important for health during weight loss and are much harder to address when hunger signals are muted and you need to make every calorie you eat, count.

The medication changes the conditions, it makes the journey significantly easier for many people, as hunger is no longer an issue to deal with - but it doesn’t do the work itself.

The research reflects this. When people stop taking the medications, a significant proportion regain a lot of the weight they lost. One major trial found participants regained two thirds of their lost weight within a year of stopping. That isn’t a reason to dismiss these medications, but it is a reason to think carefully about what else needs to happen alongside them.

When reading testimonials and accounts from actual patients - many of them are able to ‘graduate’ GLP-1 and maintain the loss. What makes them different is usually the way they went about the weight loss process - what they did beyond taking the medication and how they continued to follow those habits, afterwards.

The biological fundamentals - how you eat, how you move, how you sleep, how you manage stress - don’t become less important just because your appetite is suppressed. If anything, that’s precisely the time to work on them.

Whether you are considering this path, already on it, or committed to finding your happy weight without medications, understanding how your body works and how to support it remains the foundation.

As part of this series and over the coming posts I hope to cover how these medications actually work in more depth, the side effects that often get sensationalised in the media and what the research actually shows about managing them, how to eat and nourish your body properly while on them, and the bigger questions around long term use and what happens when you stop. There is a lot to cover and a lot of nuance that gets lost in the noise.

I would love to hear your thoughts and experiences in the comments and If there are specific questions or topics you’d like me to address in the future - things you’re wondering about, confused by, or that you haven’t seen covered well elsewhere - let me know. I’ll do my best to get to them.

It’s not new. It’s not glamorous. And honestly, it tastes like you’re drinking the contents of a vacuum cleaner bag. But the science behind it is so compelling that once you understand what it does inside the body, it’s hard to imagine why it’s not getting more publicity.

What is psyllium husk?

Psyllium is the outer coating of seeds from the Plantago ovata plant. When it meets water, it forms a thick gel - similar to chia seeds, but far more absorbent. Psyllium husk absorbs 40 to 80 times its weight in liquid. That gel-forming ability is what makes it so unusual. Most fibre supplements either dissolve in water or pass through largely intact. Psyllium does something different: it creates a viscous gel that holds its structure all the way through our digestive system, from stomach to the other end. And that journey is where the magic happens.

More than a fibre supplement

Before we get to the bit I’m most excited about - satiety - it’s worth knowing that psyllium has been studied extensively across several areas of health. Its benefits have been demonstrated across dozens of clinical trials and meta-analyses. This is a highly researched compound and here are just some of its benefits.

Blood sugar - Like other soluble fibres, when we eat a meal with psyllium, the gel slows down how quickly our body can access the sugars and starches in our food. Instead of a sharp spike in blood glucose followed by a crash (which often drives that mid-afternoon slump and the hunt for something sweet), we get a gentler, more sustained rise. Research across 35 trials shows meaningful improvements in fasting blood sugar and HbA1c, particularly for people with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. If you’re navigating the metabolic shifts that come in our 40s, this matters. Insulin resistance becomes increasingly common, and anything that helps the body manage blood sugar more efficiently is beneficial.

Cholesterol - Psyllium binds to bile acids in our gut. Bile acids are made from cholesterol. Psyllium traps them and escorts them out through our stool, and the liver then has to pull more cholesterol from the bloodstream to make new bile acids. The end result: lower LDL cholesterol. Research across 41 trials shows reductions of around 7-10%. This is significant enough that psyllium carries an approved health claim for heart disease risk reduction in several countries.

Gut health - Psyllium is special amongst fibres because it mostly resists fermentation, so it produces very little gas. But it’s not completely non-fermented - the outer edges of the gel still get slowly broken down by bacteria. As a result, it creates less bloating than other fibre supplements and is easier to tolerate, but it still promotes the growth of beneficial species in the gut - especially the kinds known as butyrate producers. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid that supports gut barrier health and helps reduce inflammation.

And because psyllium holds water throughout the entire digestive tract, it normalises bowel function in both directions - softening things when they’re too firm (helping with constipation), firming things up when they’re too loose (helping with diarrhoea). No other fibre supplement reliably does both.

Hormone benefits - Our body is constantly processing and clearing oestrogen through the gut - but some of it gets recycled back into circulation instead of being excreted. That recycling can contribute to oestrogen dominance, where oestrogen levels are disproportionately high relative to progesterone. This is something many women experience in their 40s, as progesterone tends to decline earlier and more steadily than oestrogen during perimenopause. Psyllium helps with this: by binding bile acids in the gut (same mechanism as the cholesterol benefit), it essentially escorts used oestrogen out of the body rather than letting it loop back into circulation. For women in midlife, when oestrogen balance is already shifting, supporting healthy oestrogen clearance through the gut is one of those foundational things that can make a real difference.

Now, the part I find most fascinating: satiety

We know from the research on GLP-1 medications like Ozempic, Mounjaro and Wegovy that one of their most celebrated effects is reducing what people call “food noise” - that constant background chatter about food. What should I eat? When can I eat? I shouldn’t eat that. But I want it. The mental exhaustion of thinking about food all day, regardless of how hungry you actually are.

And while no study has specifically measured psyllium’s effect on food noise as such, it works on some of the same biological pathways - just at a much gentler, more modest level.

When psyllium’s gel moves through our small intestine, it triggers something called the ileal brake. Think of it as your gut’s built-in traffic control system. When food reaches the very end of your small intestine before it’s been fully digested (specifically fats, but also carbohydrates and proteins), it triggers a slow-down signal. Your stomach starts emptying more slowly, giving your body more time to absorb what’s already there. At the same time, it triggers the release of satiety hormones like GLP-1 and PYY, which send a message to your brain: we’re still working on what came in, no need to send more just yet. The result is that you feel fuller for longer, and the drive to eat quiets down.

Psyllium’s gel is particularly good at activating this mechanism because it arrives at the ileum still intact and viscous - giving the brake something substantial to respond to.

Research shows psyllium reduces hunger and decreases how much we eat at the next meal - not only by filling our stomach and absorbing water, but by triggering genuine hormonal fullness signals.

Because psyllium slows the rate at which we absorb nutrients from our meals, we also don’t get that sharp glucose spike followed by a crash. And it’s in that crash - that reactive dip in blood sugar - where so much of our between-meal hunger and cravings come from. By flattening the curve, psyllium can help keep us in a steadier state where we simply don’t feel as driven to eat.

Then there’s the gut-brain connection. When gut bacteria slowly ferment the outer layers of psyllium gel, they produce short-chain fatty acids - especially one called propionate. Research has shown that propionate can reduce how strongly our brain’s reward centres respond to high-calorie food. In brain imaging studies, people with elevated propionate found high-calorie foods less appealing and ate less at their next meal. The thinking is that this effect works through the vagus nerve - the direct communication line between our gut and our brain.

Now, let’s be honest. Psyllium is not Ozempic. While I haven’t tried GLP-1 medications, the appetite reduction from psyllium, while real, is definitely much more subtle. The research suggests around a modest 2kg reduction in body weight over several months, along with measurable decreases in waist circumference. But what people tend to report and what I’ve experienced personally, is less about dramatic appetite suppression and more about a quieter relationship with food. Fewer intrusive thoughts. Less urgency around eating. More space to actually choose what and when to eat, rather than feeling driven by hunger signals that won’t shut up. It’s a gentle boost in satiety and fullness that doesn’t prevent you from feeling hunger cues but provides a gentle helping hand when combined with healthy, nutritious eating.

It’s like the difference between sitting in a heated room and just throwing on a blanket. Things feel a little better, but you’re not boiling hot and looking to get undressed.

If you’re struggling with a mental tug-of-war with food, even a modest shift in that noise level can feel significant and help you make better, more nutritious choices and eat enough to address hunger and satisfaction, while still making it easier to deal with emotional eating or boredom snacking. Plus, since psyllium has so many other benefits beyond satiety and fullness, it’s well worth a try, regardless.

Ready to try it? Great! But...

Psyllium husk is available cheaply and conveniently at most health stores. It comes in supplement form, as fibre gummies, and as either plain powder or whole husk.

The capsules or gummies are fine for a basic level of support, but the amounts in them tend to be very small (you’d need 6-12 capsules to match what you get from a single tablespoon of the powder) and they often have additives in them, you don’t necessarily want or need. For the full health and metabolic benefits, around 5-10g a day is usually beneficial and for satiety benefits at least 10g has been quoted in research, which is hard to achieve through capsules alone.

The natural next step is to consume it in powder form, mixed with some water. But here’s the problem. In my personal and very strongly held opinion, psyllium husk, while being a highly beneficial supplement, is also one of the most revolting things you can put in your mouth.

Mixed with water, it turns into a thick, gloopy, vaguely dirt-flavoured sludge that clings to the roof of your mouth and makes you question every life choice that led you to this moment. If you don’t drink it fast enough, it thickens in the glass and becomes genuinely unswallowable. Yes, I’m aware I’m not selling this very well.

But this dual realisation, of how beneficial it is alongside how disgusting it is, is what led me to experiment with ways to incorporate psyllium into actual food. Recipes where the texture and taste work for you rather than against you.

If you’re willing to try them, at the end of this post you’ll find three of my current favourites, used on rotation. The last one has been the most impactful for me when it comes to reducing food noise and feeling more full. The difference in how full I feel and how little I think about food between meals is noticeable. Not dramatic. Noticeable. And that’s enough. I don’t even eat it daily - the effects sometimes last over a couple of days.

Three things to know before you start

Start slow - Begin with a small amount - around a teaspoon a day (or the equivalent from the recipes below: a couple of crackers, a slice or two of toast) - for a week or two before you increase. Your gut needs time to adjust. Some people experience bloating in the first week, especially if they jump straight to higher doses. Increase gradually and give your body time to adapt.

Drink plenty of water - And I mean plenty. A cup of water alongside your psyllium is not enough. You need a couple of large glasses of water throughout the day on top of what you’d normally drink. Psyllium absorbs enormous amounts of water - that’s how it works. Without enough fluid, it can actually cause problems, potentially clogging your intestines rather than moving smoothly through them. Water is non-negotiable with this one.

Watch for medication interactions - Psyllium’s gel can absorb medications and reduce how well they work (as do other fibres - they bind to the active ingredients before they are able to be absorbed into the blood and do their thing). If you take any regular medication, take your psyllium at least two hours away from it - ideally four hours for thyroid medication like levothyroxine, which is particularly sensitive to this interaction. This is a good advise for supplements as well. If you’re on medication, have a conversation with your practitioner about timing.

Lastly, if you have a diagnosed gut condition like SIBO or IBD, check with your practitioner first - though psyllium is generally better tolerated than most fibre supplements because of how slowly it ferments.

The bottom line

Psyllium husk isn’t glamorous. It won’t go viral on social media and nobody’s going to create a pastel-coloured brand around it. But the research behind it is substantial, the mechanisms are well understood, and for something that costs very little per serving, the range of benefits - blood sugar, cholesterol, gut health, and yes, helping you feel fuller and more satisfied - makes it one of the most useful tools in your toolkit.

Three recipes that make consuming psyllium husk easy:

Seeded Fibre Crackers

These are very flexible - not so much a strict recipe as a forgiving template. Play around with the quantities and your choice of seeds and spices until you find what you like.

Ingredients

• 2 cups mixed seeds (I use two bags of Aldi’s mixed seeds, but any combination works - sesame, flax, pumpkin, sunflower, everything goes), roughly 1 cup of each ir you are not using a premade mix.

• 2-3 tablespoons psyllium husk powder

• Spices of your choice - I like paprika, onion powder, garlic powder, salt, and nutritional yeast, but oregano, rosemary, cumin, or anything you enjoy would work

• Approximately 2.5 cups of water for 2 cups of mixed seeds (but add as much as needed to get to a spreadable consistency).

Method

Mix the seeds, psyllium husk, and spices together in a large bowl. Add the water - you want it to come up roughly to the level of the seeds. Stir well, cover with a tea towel, and leave to rest for about half an hour. The psyllium will thicken everything into a sort of paste with the seeds - not the most appetising-looking thing, but trust the process.

Line a baking tray with parchment paper and spread the mixture with a spatula into a thin, even layer, roughly 5mm thick. Bake at 150°C for one hour. Mid way through baking, after around half an hour, take the tray out and use a pizza cutter or large knife to score lines where you want to break the crackers later. Return to the oven for another 30 minutes, or until they feel firm and dry to the touch.

Let them cool completely before breaking apart. They store well in an airtight container for a week or two.

Beyond psyllium: The seeds bring their own benefits. Flaxseeds are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lignans (which, like psyllium, support healthy oestrogen metabolism). Pumpkin seeds are a good source of magnesium and zinc. Sesame seeds provide calcium. Nutritional yeast adds B vitamins, including B12 if fortified. Together with the psyllium, you’re getting a genuinely nutrient-dense snack.

Fermented Buckwheat Bread

This one takes a bit of patience (the fermentation needs 24-48 hours), but the hands-on time is minimal and the result is a dense, satisfying, grain-free bread that toasts beautifully.

Ingredients

• 500g green buckwheat groats (these are the raw, unroasted kind)

• 1/2 cup green, black or orange lentils (or a mix of either)

• 1/2 cup mung beans

• 1/2 cup quinoa

• 2 tablespoons chia seeds, soaked in 1/2 cup water for 10 minutes

• 2 tablespoons psyllium husk powder

• A pinch of salt

• Water (enough to reach the level of the mixture when blending)

• Add-ins: caraway seeds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, garlic powder, onion powder (to taste)

• Topping: everything but the bagel seasoning and /or sesame seeds

This recipe is flexible beyond the buckwheat groats. Use whichever lentils you have around and feel free to include or leave out the quinoa and mung beans depending on what’s in your cupboard.

Method

Soak the buckwheat groats, lentils, mung beans, and quinoa together in a large bowl of water overnight, or for at least six hours. Once soaked, drain and rinse well.

Soak the chia seeds separately in half a cup of water for about ten minutes. Stir once and leave them - they’ll absorb the water and form a gel.

Add the drained grain and legume mixture, the chia gel, a pinch of salt, and enough water to reach the level of the mixture into a food processor. Blend until you have a thick, smooth batter. Add the psyllium husk and mix through.

Pour everything into a large bowl, cover with a tea towel, and leave on the worktop to ferment. Do not stir during fermentation. This takes between 24 and 48 hours depending on the warmth of your kitchen. You’re looking for a mousse-like texture - fluffy and slightly risen. Don’t worry if a skin forms on top, if it changes colour slightly, or if there’s a mild sour smell. You’ll know the batter is ready when a spoon through it feels like scooping airy mousse.

Once the batter has reached that point, fold in your add-ins: caraway seeds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, garlic and onion powder, or whatever you fancy. I sometimes add peeled macadamia nuts.

Transfer to a loaf tin lined with baking parchment and tap the tin a few times on the worktop to release any trapped air. Sprinkle the top with everything but the bagel seasoning and sesame seeds. Bake on the fan setting at 180-200°C for an hour and a half. Then carefully remove the loaf (with the parchment) from the tin and bake it upside down directly on the oven rack for a further twenty minutes.

Let the bread cool completely before slicing. I like to cut it into thin slices and freeze them, then toast a slice or two at a time whenever I want them.

Chia and Psyllium Husk Chocolate Pudding (The Fibre Bomb)

This is the one I call the fibre bomb - and it’s the one that’s made the biggest difference for me personally. It’s very high in fibre and extremely filling. I don’t eat it as a full portion in one sitting. Instead, I keep it in the fridge and take a couple of spoonfuls when I need a boost - between meals, or when I feel like snacking but know I’m not really hungry yet.

Ingredients

• 20g psyllium husk powder (roughly 2 heaped tablespoons)

• 2 tablespoons chia seeds

• 2 heaped tablespoons good quality cacao powder

• Water (enough to fill the container - roughly 400-500ml)

• 1 tablespoon maple syrup, or more to taste

Method

Add the psyllium husk, chia seeds, and cacao powder to a glass container. Pour in the liquid and add the maple syrup. Stir well to break up any clumps. You can use a fork or a small whisk. A few lumps are fine and honestly unavoidable, but do your best. Pop the lid on and put it in the fridge to set for at least a couple of hours, or overnight.

What you’ll get is a thick, chocolatey, jelly-like pudding. It won’t win any beauty contests, but it tastes surprisingly decent - rich and chocolatey, with a slight chewiness from the chia seeds.

A note on quantity: this recipe makes several servings. Because it’s so fibre-dense, a couple of spoonfuls is genuinely enough to take the edge off hunger and quiet things down between meals. Start with a small amount and see how your gut responds before going in for more.

While the first two are great recipes to try and use regardless, the third is really an easy (ier?) way i found to take in psyllium husk as a supplement. A tastier way to make this would include switching water with your favourite milk, reducing the amount of psyllium husk and adding some cherries or blueberries etc. as it is written above it is more of an edible supplement.

I know. It sounds ridiculous. We’ve been conditioned to believe that weight loss requires effort - more discipline, more restriction, more sweat. So the idea that sleeping more could genuinely move the needle feels almost too good to be true.

But sleep isn’t a random wellness add-on. It’s part of the infrastructure our body needs to function well - to regulate hunger, to burn fat efficiently, to keep blood sugar stable, to recover from exercise.

When it’s working, everything else works better. When it’s not, you are essentially asking the body to perform optimally without providing one of its most basic requirements.

Lack of sleep is a danger signal. It acts as a perceived threat and leads the body to react by holding onto fat (among other things) to prepare for what might be coming. Sleep is one of the loudest safety signals we can give it. And here is why…

Sleep changes what your body does with the food you eat

Researchers put people on the exact same calorie-controlled diet - same food, same calorie deficit - and split them into two groups. One slept 8.5 hours, the other just 5.5 hours. Both groups spent the entire study in a controlled lab setting doing the same sedentary activities, so it’s not that the group that slept less moved less due to being tired - they both had the same movement patterns.

Both groups lost roughly the same amount of weight. But what they lost was completely different. The well-rested group lost mostly fat. The short sleepers lost mostly muscle. Same calories, same activity. The only difference was sleep and it determined whether the body burned fat or broke down its own muscle tissue. The sleep-deprived group lost 55% less fat and 60% more lean mass.

This is a really big deal. Muscle is metabolically active tissue - it’s what keeps our resting metabolism healthy and our body strong. Losing it instead of fat means we end up lighter on the scale but weaker and less metabolically resilient. Not the result anyone is after.

Why does this happen? It comes back to how our body reads the situation. Poor sleep is a stress signal. And when the body feels stressed, it defaults to survival mode - hold onto the most efficient fuel reserve (that’s fat stores at 9 calories per gram) and sacrifice the tissue that costs the most to maintain (muscle burns energy just sitting there).

It’s the same protective logic that sits behind the negative results of crash dieting. Sleep deprivation and extreme restriction trigger the same response - we are potentially under attack/risk of famine/in danger, hold on to the reserves and slow down all metabolically expensive processes.

It gets even more interesting. A separate study found that when sleep-deprived people could eat as much as they want, they didn’t just gain weight - they gained it specifically as visceral fat. Visceral fat is that deep belly fat wrapped around our organs that’s hardest to shift and most linked to metabolic problems. It’s also the kind that women over 40, transitioning into perimenopause and menopause are more likely to accumulate and the reason fat shifts to the abdomen area as women move into their 50s and beyond.

So poor sleep doesn’t just slow weight loss. It actively changes what kind of tissue we lose and where new fat gets stored and as some of these changes are happening anyway at this age, you are faced with a double the impact and not in the direction you would want.

What happens to our food choices

If you ever noticed how a rough night’s sleep is followed by a day of reaching for biscuits, toast, and anything carb-heavy, that’s not a willpower failure. It’s neurology.

Brain imaging studies show that after a poor night of sleep, activity drops in our prefrontal cortex - the part that handles decision-making and impulse control. At the same time, the amygdala - the more primal, reward-driven part of the brain - ramps up. Our rational brain goes quiet. Our craving brain gets louder.

The result is consistent across studies: we eat roughly 250-300 extra calories per day when sleep is short. Not from bigger meals, but from snacking - especially in the evening, on high-carb, high-fat, calorie-dense foods. Exactly the kind of foods you might be trying to eat less of while trying to lose weight.

Think about that for a moment. You might be making genuinely thoughtful choices at breakfast and lunch, putting in real effort. But if sleep is off, the body’s own wiring is quietly working against those choices by the time evening comes. Not because of a lack of discipline - because the hardware running the decisions has been ‘compromised’.

Lack of sleep also makes us genuinely hungrier

Beyond the brain changes, sleep deprivation directly rewires our hunger signals. When we don’t sleep enough, the body produces more ghrelin (the hormone that drives hunger) and less leptin (the one that signals fullness). In research, just two nights of short sleep shifted ghrelin up 28% and leptin down 18%, with cravings for calorie-dense foods increasing 33-45%.

But there’s another layer to this. Sleep deprivation activates the same system that cannabis triggers. When we’re short on sleep, the body produces more of a compound that creates what researchers have described as a biological version of “the munchies.” Levels rise about 33% above normal and stay elevated well into the evening.

In one study, participants had eaten a meal covering about 90% of their daily calorie needs just two hours earlier - and when they were offered a snack buffet, the sleep-deprived group consumed almost 60% more of the snack calories as the well-rested group, choosing higher-fat options too. The remarkable part: both groups reported feeling equally full. The sleep-deprived group wasn’t hungrier. Their biochemistry was overriding their satiety signals, leading them to eat more and more.

My point? that 9pm kitchen raid after a rough night? It’s not necessarily a character flaw. It could be part of a hormonal cascade that makes resisting food genuinely, physiologically harder.

Sleep (or lack of) also affects blood sugar regulation

A single night of sleeping only four hours is enough to measurably reduce insulin sensitivity. One night.

In a longer study, six nights of restricted sleep reduced participants’ ability to clear glucose from their blood by 40% - pushing healthy young adults into a metabolic state that looks like someone decades older. When researchers looked specifically at fat cells, four nights of short sleep reduced their ability to respond to insulin by 30%.

Why does this matter for weight? Insulin is a storage hormone. When our cells stop responding to it properly, the body compensates by producing more. Higher circulating insulin promotes fat storage, especially around the abdomen, and makes it harder to access stored fat for energy. It creates a metabolic environment that works directly against fat loss, regardless of how well you are eating.

For women specifically, a recent trial found that going from 7.5 to 6.2 hours of sleep per night (a difference many of us wouldn’t even notice) increased insulin resistance by about 15% overall and by 20% in postmenopausal women. And this happened over just six weeks, without any changes in diet or in exercise.

If you’re eating well, managing portions, being thoughtful about blood sugar - and still feeling like your body isn’t responding - sleep may be the next piece of the puzzle to look at.

Cortisol, belly fat, and why they’re connected

When we don’t sleep enough, cortisol rises - especially in the evening, when it should be winding down. Research shows partial sleep deprivation can elevate evening cortisol by 37%.

This matters because visceral fat tissue (the deep belly fat) has significantly more cortisol receptors than fat anywhere else in the body. It also contains more of the enzyme that converts inactive cortisol into active cortisol locally, basically amplifying the signal to accumulate fat right where we least want it.

So chronically elevated cortisol from poor sleep doesn’t just make us feel wired and tired. It actively directs fat storage to the abdomen, breaks down muscle tissue (which lowers resting metabolism), and the inflammatory signals from visceral fat can also disrupt sleep quality - creating a vicious cycle that feeds itself.

This helps explain why stubborn belly fat can feel so resistant to everything we throw at it. If sleep isn’t part of the picture, we may be working against our own biology without realising it.

What if sleep is getting harder?

Sleep often shifts in our 40s. Our circadian rhythm changes, deep sleep naturally decreases, and we become more sensitive to disruptions we used to sleep through without a thought.

As hormones shift in perimenopause and menopause and progesterone fluctuates and eventually declines, we lose some of its built-in sedative effect. It’s one reason why waking at 2 or 3am becomes such a common experience in this season of life.

None of this means poor sleep is something we’re stuck with. It means the baseline has shifted and we may need to be more intentional about protecting it. The strategies that help are the same ones that work at any age - they just become more important now:

Consistent timing - Going to bed and waking up at roughly the same time (including weekends) is one of the most effective habits for sleep quality. It strengthens the circadian rhythm, which governs not just sleep but also cortisol patterns, insulin sensitivity, and appetite regulation. All the things we’ve just been talking about.

Morning light - Bright natural light within the first 30-60 minutes of waking can help anchor our internal clock. Even 15-20 minutes of daylight helps. This becomes more important as we get older and natural melatonin production declines.

A cooler bedroom - Our core temperature needs to drop for sleep to happen well. Research found that sleep quality decreases for every degree above the optimal range (roughly 15-19°C).

A dark bedroom and reduced exposure to artificial light -Our bodies use darkness as a cue to start producing melatonin - the hormone that tells us it's time to sleep. But even ordinary room lighting can delay that process significantly. Dimming lights in the hour or two before bed helps, and screens are worth watching too - the blue light they emit is particularly effective at suppressing melatonin, so reducing screen time in the evening or switching to night mode makes a difference. Sleeping in a properly dark room matters as well; even low levels of light during the night can interfere with sleep quality.

Meal timing - Eating a large meal very close to bedtime can disrupt sleep - partly through digestive discomfort and reflux, partly through the metabolic activity of processing food when your body is trying to wind down. A buffer of 2-3 hours works well for most people.

Move your body - regular exercise, particularly strength training, is one of the best things you can do to support sleep and it also helps determine how much benefit you actually get from that effort.

In one year-long study, people who did strength training slept 17 minutes longer per night and had better sleep efficiency than those doing only cardio. But all types of exercise have been shown to improve sleep quality.

But not just that. Better sleep leads to better workouts. About 70% of our daily growth hormone is released during deep sleep. Growth hormone is essential for muscle repair and recovery. When we cut sleep short, we cut into that recovery window. Research shows that a single night of poor sleep reduces muscle protein synthesis by about 18%. That means the workout we pushed through on five hours of sleep is literally less effective at building the muscle we need.

This is one of those areas where a positive cycle can build quickly. Better sleep leads to better workouts, which lead to better sleep, which supports better food choices. And when that cycle stalls or breaks - which it does for all of us sometimes - sleep is often the easiest and most forgiving place to restart it.

Consider magnesium - 500mg of magnesium over eight weeks has been shown to significantly improve both sleep time and quality, increase melatonin production, and reduce cortisol. It’s hard to get enough through diet alone, so supplementing could be useful.

The bigger picture

When we sleep well, our body burns more fat instead of muscle. Our hunger hormones work with us rather than against us. Our brain makes better food choices without extra effort. Our insulin works properly. Our cortisol normalises. Our exercise actually builds the muscle we need. Everything in the system functions the way it’s meant to.

When we don’t, we’re fighting all of that simultaneously. Every healthy choice becomes harder, and the return on those choices is reduced.

One of the studies I find most encouraging took people who normally slept under 6.5 hours and helped them extend sleep by just over an hour - through a single counselling session. No diet changes and no specific meal plan and yet they ended up naturally eating about 270 fewer calories a day. The researchers estimated that sustained over three years, that intervention alone could translate to around 12kg of weight loss, just from sleeping more…

This doesn’t mean sleep is a magic fix, and it doesn’t mean you need perfect sleep to make progress. But it does mean that sleep isn’t sitting outside the real work of getting healthier and managing weight. It’s metabolic infrastructure. It shapes what our body does with the food we eat, how hungry we feel, where fat gets stored, and whether exercise actually delivers results.

If your body isn’t responding the way you would like it to, looking into improving sleep might be worth focusing on.

It’s a way to give your body something it’s been missing - a signal that it’s safe, resourced, and ready to let go of what it’s been holding onto.

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Like a rubber band stretched too far, slowly snapping back into place. You didn’t do anything dramatic. you just... ate a little more, moved a little less, and found yourself right back where you began.

If that sounds familiar, there’s a biological reason for it and once you understand it, it changes the way you approach weight loss.

The struggle to maintain a new weight involves a lot more than biology: self-perception, habits, emotional patterns, the way we relate to food. However, I want to focus specifically on what’s happening inside the body when we lose weight and then try to hold onto that loss.

Destined to stay at a certain weight?

There’s a concept in weight science called “set point theory.” The idea is that our body has a preferred weight range (not a single number, but more like a thermostat setting) and it will actively work to keep our weight within that range.

Think of it like the thermostat in your house. You set it to 20 degrees. If the temperature drops, the heating kicks in. If it rises, it cools down. Our body does something very similar with weight (and with many other biological processes). It strives for balance - or what is scientifically called homeostasis. If we lose weight, the body turns up hunger signals, slows down metabolism, and becomes more efficient at storing energy. If we gain weight, the opposite happens - though, sadly, the body is much more aggressive about defending against weight loss than weight gain as it perceives it as a higher risk).

The word “theory” matters here. The idea of a rigid, fixed set point, a number hardwired into our DNA, is too simple. Most researchers today think of it more as a defended range, influenced by genetics, hormones, environment, and our history with food. Some call it a “settling point” - the weight where everything in our current life (what we eat, how we move, how we sleep, our stress levels) reaches a kind of equilibrium.

The practical difference? A true set point would be immovable - leaving us feeling doomed to stay at a particular weight. A settling point or defended range can shift. It just takes time, patience, and the right approach.

With that more optimistic view, let’s talk about what actually happens when we lose weight.

What happens when we lose weight

When we lose weight, our body doesn’t passively accept the change.

Our biology has been shaped by thousands of years of evolution where survival depended on maintaining adequate energy reserves. The body’s primary objective is to make sure we have enough stored fuel to last us through periods of scarcity. So when we lose a significant amount of weight, protective alarm bells go off and the body shifts into defence mode.

The result is a coordinated hormonal response that makes regaining weight feel almost inevitable.

One study followed people who lost about 13 kg through dieting and then tracked their hormones for a full year afterwards. Here is what they found:

Leptin - the hormone that tells our brain we have enough energy stored and can stop feeling hungry, dropped dramatically and stayed low for the entire year, even after some weight was regained. At the same time, ghrelin (the hunger hormone) went up and stayed elevated. Peptide YY and cholecystokinin, hormones that normally signal fullness after a meal, dropped too. In total, nine appetite-related hormones shifted in a direction that promoted weight regain, and most remained altered at the one-year mark.

Picture this: you’ve lost weight, you’re at a new size, you’re feeling good. But behind the scenes, your body is sending stronger hunger signals, weaker fullness signals, and telling your brain that energy stores are dangerously low - even when they’re not.

This partially explains why yo-yo dieting is so common and why we don’t all just lose the weight and keep it off (I say partially because there are many moving pieces to this - emotional, psychological and habit-related ones that deserve their own conversation).

What is clear is that it’s not a lack of willpower or a character flaw. Biology plays a significant part. As far as your body is concerned, when you lose weight, you are heading into a famine. In our evolutionary history, there was no other reason to eat less and lose weight besides not having enough food around (no vacation at the beach or media propaganda on looking your best for your reunion). As a result, our body is conditioned through years of evolution to do everything it can to get us back to what it considers safe when faced with lost weight.

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Metabolic adaptation - what it is and what it isn’t

On top of the hormonal changes i just described, there’s something called metabolic adaptation. When we lose weight, our metabolism slows down - partly because a smaller body simply needs less energy, but also because the body actively reduces its energy expenditure beyond what the size change alone would explain. During active weight loss, this can be significant.

Research shows that a 10% weight loss can lead to roughly a 15% drop in total energy expenditure, and a portion of that is attributed to the body actively conserving energy and not just reflecting a smaller body (that naturally needs less energy to function).

This concept became a hot topic after a famous study that followed contestants from the American TV show The Biggest Loser. That piece of research became one of the most talked-about weight loss studies ever published, mostly because it terrified a lot of people.

Researchers tracked 14 contestants six years after the show. If you didn’t watch the show, these were people who lost massive amounts of weight, an average of about 58 kg, by eating a very low calorie diet and doing hours and hours of daily exercise. Six years later, most had regained a significant amount of that weight. What shocked everyone was what had happened to their metabolism.

Their resting metabolic rate, i.e. how many calories they burned just by being alive, regardless of exercise - didn’t recover. Even after regaining much of the weight, their bodies were burning about 500 fewer calories per day than you’d expect for someone their size.

Their metabolism had slowed dramatically during the competition and apparently never bounced back. The obvious conclusion was depressing: lose weight, and your metabolism will be permanently damaged. Which means - you will have to eat less (or burn more) for life, to maintain your new weight.

That narrative spread everywhere. And it made a lot of people feel like the game was rigged - that no matter what you do, keeping weight off will become harder and harder because your body will burn fewer and fewer calories, requiring you to eat less and less just to stay at the same weight.

But that’s not the end of the story. It’s just that the next part didn’t get nearly as much attention.

Several researchers went back and challenged the original findings. First, one of the original study authors himself reanalysed the data using newer research on how the body manages energy. He concluded that the extreme metabolic slowdown wasn’t caused by the weight loss itself. It was likely caused by the extreme exercise regime.

The contestants were doing hours of intense exercise daily, and the body responded by dramatically reducing its resting energy expenditure to compensate. Not because the metabolism was “damaged,” but because the body appears to have a ceiling on how much total energy it will burn in a day. Push too hard with exercise, and the body saves energy elsewhere. It’s a built-in energy management system.

Then another research group published findings that challenged things further. They noticed that studies finding persistent, scary-looking metabolic adaptation were almost all longitudinal ones, meaning studies following people through the process of losing or regaining weight. In other words, they were measuring people whose bodies were still changing, who hadn’t arrived at a stable point yet.

But cross-sectional studies, ones that compared people who had already lost weight and stabilised at the new weight, against people of the same size who’d never dieted - didn’t find the same metabolic penalty. Those people that were previously heavier, were not burning dramatically fewer calories than those of the same size who never lost significant weight.

This is important to understand. What it means is that the perceived metabolic slowdown may be an active response to an ongoing energy deficit, not a permanent damage. While the body is still in “we’re losing weight and I don’t know when this will end” mode, it slows everything down. But once we arrive at a new weight and stay there and we are eating enough to sustain it, nourishing our body consistently - that adaptation appears to ease.

When researchers measured people who had lost weight and then stabilised, the adaptation was minimal (around 50 calories a day) and it didn’t predict who would regain weight and who wouldn’t.

Bariatric surgery patients showed the same pattern: significant adaptation at six months while still losing, but normalised metabolism by two years at a stable weight, which hints that the conclusion holds.

Think of it this way: if the calorie deficit is the alarm, metabolic adaptation is the body’s emergency response. Turn off the alarm, stabilise your weight, eat enough - and the emergency response gradually stops.

The takeaway isn’t that metabolic adaptation doesn’t exist. It does, and it’s part of the reason weight loss can feel so hard in the moment. But the terrifying “your metabolism is broken forever” narrative was driven by an extreme, unsustainable protocol - not by normal, gradual weight loss. When we lose weight in a way that works with our body rather than against it, the picture looks very different.

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Your body isn’t fighting you - it’s protecting you

Our body isn’t trying to make us fail. It’s trying to keep us safe. It has a system, refined over hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, designed to protect us from starvation. When we lose weight, especially quickly or through restriction, our body interprets that as a threat and responds accordingly: hunger goes up, metabolism slows down, energy storage becomes more efficient.

There is no way to overpower this system through restriction and willpower. We know from decades of research that fighting your body doesn’t work long-term. The real question is: how do we convince our body that a new, lower weight is safe?

Because that’s what needs to happen. We need to send signals - consistently, patiently - that communicate safety. That food is available. That there’s no famine. That this new weight isn’t a crisis.

And the research already points us towards how.

Sending safety signals: what the research shows

Properly nourishing the body - This might sound counterintuitive when we’re talking about weight loss, but it may be the most important thing on this list.

When we drastically cut calories, we send one of the strongest “danger” signals possible. Leptin drops (satiety is down), ghrelin spikes (hunger is up), metabolism slows aggressively. The more extreme the restriction, the harder the body pushes back. But there’s another layer to it that doesn’t get talked about nearly enough.

Severe calorie restriction doesn’t just mean less energy coming in. It means fewer nutrients. Less magnesium, less zinc, less iron, less vitamin D, fewer B vitamins - less of everything our body needs to actually run its systems properly.

Research shows that people carrying extra weight already have higher micronutrient requirements than average, because of increased inflammation and metabolic demands. So the typical dieting approach which focuses on eating less without taking into account what you are eating creates a situation where we’re asking our body to function on even fewer of the building blocks it needs, at a time when it needs more of them than usual.

Think about what that looks like from your body’s perspective. Not only is less food coming in, but the food that is coming in isn’t providing enough of what’s needed to keep things running. That’s not a safety signal. That’s a crisis signal.

And the specific nutrients that tend to be low are exactly the ones involved in weight regulation.

Vitamin D helps regulate leptin - the hormone that tells our brain we have enough energy stored. Deficiency impairs that signalling, and research estimates it affects the vast majority of people with excess weight.

Zinc plays a direct role in leptin production and insulin function. When zinc is low, studies show leptin levels become dysregulated and inflammation in fat tissue increases. Zinc deficiency can even impair our sense of taste and smell, which means meals feel less satisfying - so we eat more, trying to get something our body isn’t getting.

Magnesium is essential for insulin to work properly - without enough of it, insulin resistance gets worse, which is one of the core metabolic issues that makes weight loss difficult.

Iron deficiency drives fatigue and cravings for high-calorie foods - the body’s way of desperately trying to get energy from somewhere.

B vitamins are critical for carbohydrate metabolism and energy production.

There is a pattern here. When these nutrients are missing, the very systems that regulate appetite, energy, fat storage, and metabolism can’t do their job properly. And no amount of calorie counting will fix that.

This is why the quality of what we eat during weight loss matters as much as the quantity. A moderate calorie reduction built around nutrient-dense whole foods sends a completely different biological message than the same calorie reduction from a restrictive plan that leaves our body short on what it needs.

Yes, you will lose weight living off gummy bears, as long as you are eating less than you are burning, but how hard would it be and how quickly would you gain the weight back?

Protein deserves specific mention here because unsurprisingly it plays an important role. A large meta-analysis found that eating above 1.3g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day significantly protects against muscle loss during weight loss and muscle is the metabolic engine that burns calories at rest. Lose muscle along with fat, and our resting metabolic rate drops even further.

Higher protein also directly influences hunger hormones - reducing ghrelin and enhancing fullness signals after meals.

But protein is part of the picture, not the whole picture. When our body has the full spectrum of what it needs from a nourishing nutrition, it’s receiving a consistent message that resources are abundant, that things are okay, that this isn’t a famine.

That’s what nourishment as a safety signal actually means. Not just eating enough calories, but giving our body the raw materials it needs to run well.

There are other important safety signals and ways to protect your metabolism from adapting.

From building and protecting muscle (the more you have, the more muscle your body will burn at baseline), getting adequate sleep and avoiding chronic stress as lack of sleep and high stress send the same biological message as food restriction: the environment is dangerous, hold onto energy. They’re safety signals too - just ones we don’t always think of in the context of weight.

Give it time

Here’s the most hopeful finding from the research. The largest registry of long-term weight loss maintainers found that people who kept weight off for two to five years reported it becoming progressively easier. At the ten-year mark, 87% had maintained at least 10% of their weight loss.

There’s no confirmed timepoint where our body “accepts” a new weight. But the data suggests that the longer we maintain a new weight through consistent, nourishing habits, the more our body adjusts. The hormonal pressure to regain is strongest in the first year and appears to gradually ease with time.

This is where patience and self-compassion become genuinely practical tools. Not ‘feel good’ mantras, but a biological strategy.

Every month spent at a new weight: eating well, sleeping well, moving consistently, not sending the body into panic mode with restriction - is a month of teaching our body that this is the new normal.

Has yo-yo dieting ruined things?

If you’re worried about what your history of dieting has done to your body, here’s some positive news.

The most comprehensive recent review looked at 23 studies on weight cycling and found no evidence that repeated dieting permanently increases body weight, damages resting metabolic rate, or decreases lean body mass. The popular belief that yo-yo dieting “destroys your metabolism” is not supported by the evidence.

That said, weight cycling isn’t neutral either. Large studies found associations between weight fluctuations and cardiovascular risk and emerging research has found that weight cycling can create a kind of immune memory in fat tissue, making it more inflammatory with each cycle.

That’s without the psychological impact of feeling like you’ve failed again and again, and the erosion of self-trust that comes with it.

Nobody recommends yo-yo dieting as a strategy, and I don’t think anyone wants to end up there by choice. But the bottom line from research is clear: attempting to lose weight, even if you’ve regained before, is still better for health outcomes than staying at a higher weight. If you’ve been a yo-yo dieter, your metabolism isn’t broken. Your body is still responsive. The question is whether the next approach is sustainable enough to stick.

You can lose weight and keep it off

Your body might be temporarily defending a weight range, but it can shift. Not through force, not through restriction, not through punishing ourselves into submission. It shifts when we consistently signal to our body that everything is okay, that food is abundant, that we’re nourished, that we’re safe.

Not outsmarting your body. Partnering with it.

And the research consistently shows that the longer we maintain these habits, the easier it gets.

If you go about it in the right way, your body will adapt, the hormonal pressure will eventually ease and before you know it, what felt like effort will start to feel like normal life.

For women 40+, resistance training gives you the highest return on investment in how you look, how you feel, how you function and how healthy you are.

The decline in female hormones in your 40s and later has far-reaching effects: easier weight gain, loss of muscle tissue and bone density, and changes in how your body manages blood sugar, maintains strength and keeps your brain sharp. Resistance training addresses all of these directly. And it doesn’t take much - research shows that two 20-minute sessions per week can change how your body functions for the next 30 years.

While resistance training refers to any exercise where your muscles work against a weight or force, whether that’s dumbbells, resistance bands, machines, or your own body weight, for the full benefits you want to be using resistance against increasingly heavier weights.

TL:DR: If you're only adding one type of exercise after 40, make it resistance training. It rebuilds the muscle you're losing (which manages blood sugar and burns calories), builds bone density, improves brain function and mood, reduces menopause symptoms, and changes how you look. Two 20-minute sessions weekly is enough to start seeing benefits. While cardio matters for heart health and fat loss, resistance training directly addresses more of what's changing in your body after 40.

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Building Muscle: Your Primary Tool For Blood Sugar Control

Your skeletal muscles handle about 80% of glucose clearance from your bloodstream after you eat. When you eat a meal, glucose (a sugar from carbs used for fuel) enters your bloodstream and insulin get secreted and signals your muscles to pull most of it out and either use it for energy or store it.

When glucose stays elevated in your blood, it gets stored as fat. Efficient glucose clearance means less fat storage, better energy levels and lower risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

From your 30s onwards, you lose about 3-5% of muscle mass every decade, which accelerates around menopause, because declining oestrogen reduces a type of cells that help regenerate muscle tissue by up to 60%. Some women lose 10% of their muscle mass after menopause, compared to early perimenopause.

Less muscle means fewer calories burned at rest. Not because your metabolism inherently slows - resting metabolic rate per kilogram of lean tissue stays the same from age 20 to 60. The issue is having less muscle tissue doing the burning. Muscle requires more energy to maintain than fat, so when you lose muscle and gain fat, your total daily calorie burn drops even if you’re eating and moving exactly the same.

Resistance training rebuilds and maintains muscle tissue and so regular resistance training can help you gain lean muscle mass even in your 50s, 60s and beyond.

What about aerobic activities? Walking and cycling are excellent for cardiovascular health but they don’t build significant muscle. Your body adapts to aerobic exercise by becoming more efficient at using oxygen, which is valuable for endurance and heart health - but it doesn’t build new muscle tissue.

Yoga and Pilates provide important strength benefits but you’re limited to your body weight or the limited resistance of Pilates equipment, and progressive load (increasing the weight you work against) is what triggers muscle growth.

When you challenge your muscles with resistance they can’t easily handle, you create tiny tears in the muscle fibres. Your body repairs these tears and builds the muscle back, slightly stronger and often larger, to handle that stress next time. This is why you need to keep increasing the weight - to keep triggering that adaptation.

Better Blood Sugar Control Independent Of Insulin

When your muscles contract during resistance exercise, they activate a glucose uptake system that works independently of insulin. This matters because insulin sensitivity typically declines with age, especially around menopause. When cells become less responsive to insulin, glucose stays elevated in your blood longer, leading to more fat storage and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Muscle contraction bypasses this problem entirely. When you lift weights, your muscles pull glucose out of your bloodstream without relying on insulin at all. This effect lasts up to 48 hours after a workout - your muscles continue clearing glucose more efficiently for two full days!

The result: better blood sugar control, reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, lower triglycerides and cholesterol, and less inflammation throughout your body.

If you’ve noticed energy crashes after meals, stubborn midlife weight gain that won’t shift with diet changes alone, or blood sugar numbers creeping up, resistance training directly addresses the mechanism causing these issues.

Aerobic exercise also improves insulin sensitivity and is particularly effective for fat loss, but resistance training builds the actual tissue that manages glucose long-term. The ideal approach is to do both, but for metabolic health, resistance training is the foundation.

You’ll Look Better And Your Clothes Will Fit Better

When women talk about wanting to look “toned,” they usually mean seeing muscle definition but not bulk. A toned look happens from both building muscle and reducing the body fat surrounding it. Resistance training does both.

As you build muscle and lose fat, your body composition changes even if the scale doesn’t move much. You might weigh the same but look completely different - smaller waist, more defined arms, back and legs. Your clothes will fit better. You will look leaner and more well, toned...

This isn’t about becoming bulky. Women don’t build large muscles easily, especially in the low-oestrogen environment after menopause. What happens instead is you develop visible muscle tone, your body becomes more compact, and you look stronger and healthier.

The physical changes are visible proof that your body is responding, which reinforces the habit and makes you want to continue.

Building Bone Density That Keeps You Independent

After menopause, women lose bone density at 1.5-2.5% per year for the first decade. There are some scary statistics to know: half of all women over 50 will break a bone due to osteoporosis (weak, brittle bones). A hip fracture after 75 isn’t just about the broken bone - it’s about the cascade of immobility, muscle loss and loss of independence that comes with it.

Your bones are living tissue that respond to stimulus. When you load them with weight, you trigger a process called mechanotransduction. The mechanical load suppresses a protein that acts as a brake on bone formation. When you lift weights, you release the brake, and your bones start building density again.

Research shows women who did high-intensity resistance training twice a week for eight months gained nearly 3% bone density in their lumbar spine while women who didn’t exercise lost over 1%. The resistance training group also gained density in their hip bones, increased cortical bone thickness by almost 14%, and gained an average of 2mm in height as their spines strengthened (i read that part of the research 3 times to convince myself it’s true… yes, they gained height).

Walking or swimming doesn’t produce this effect. They don’t load your bones enough to trigger significant bone building, since you need actual weight bearing down on the skeleton.

Building bone density in your 40s and 50s is an important investment in staying mobile and independent at 75 and beyond.

Sharper Thinking And Better Memory

When your muscles contract, they release molecules into your bloodstream that travel to your brain and trigger production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF. BDNF supports brain cell survival, promotes new neural connections and helps clear protein plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

In research, women who did resistance training twice a week showed improved executive function (planning, focus and problem-solving) and better verbal memory. Brain scans showed reduced shrinking of the brain’s white matter compared to women who didn’t do resistance training. These effects were seen for a full year after training stopped.

Resistance training also increases insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which supports brain cell communication and survival.

Your brain doesn’t have to decline as you age. What you do now in your 40s and 50s to keep it sharp pays off for decades - and resistance training is one of the tools that helps.

Better Mood And Less Anxiety

Resistance training has been shown to produce substantial reductions in depressive symptoms and significant reductions in anxiety, especially at low to moderate intensity.

So much so, that the effect is comparable to aerobic exercise and some medications. The benefit were seen regardless of whether an individual gains strength - the act of training itself triggers it.

Resistance training increased serotonin (the neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood) and endorphin (responsible for the post-exercise high) release, reduced inflammatory markers throughout the body (inflammation is increasingly linked to depression), and helped normalise stress hormone response (the body becomes better at managing cortisol spikes and returns to baseline faster).

There’s also a psychological component - you feel stronger, more powerful and more capable as you see yourself improving.

In research, women who did resistance training three times a week for several months saw significant reductions in both depression and anxiety symptoms that lasted for months after training stopped.

You don’t need heavy weights - even light to moderate intensity creates a positive effect.

Fewer Hot Flushes And Better Sleep During Menopause

In research, women who did resistance training three times a week for 15 weeks reduced their hot flushes intensity nearly in half. A larger reduction than what’s typically seen with aerobic exercise.

Resistance training seems to be enhancing the body’s natural system that controls temperature regulation, which helps stabilise the thermoregulatory system that becomes erratic during hot flushes.

Resistance training also improves sleep quality and overall quality of life during menopause. Some initial research even suggests it might help maintain oestrogen levels slightly.

This isn’t a universal fix - research results vary. But there’s evidence that resistance training can help, which makes it worth including in your toolkit.

Stronger Joints And Less Pain

Resistance training, done with appropriate progression (gradually increasing weight), reduces sports injuries to less than a third of baseline rates and cuts overuse injuries nearly in half. For every 10% increase in resistance training volume, injury risk drops by more than 4 percentage points.

Like your muscles, your tendons and connective tissue need loading to stay strong. A single resistance training session doubles the rate of collagen synthesis in your tendons. After several months of consistent training, tendons become stiffer in a functional sense - they transfer force more efficiently and become more resistant to injury.

For chronic lower back pain, resistance training that strengthens the relevant muscles, has been shown to significantly reduce pain intensity and improve quality of life - addressing the cause rather than just managing symptoms.

Strength exercise can also prevent and alleviate frozen shoulder pain, which affects mostly women (75% more than men) and peaks between ages 40-60, again - during perimenapause and meanapause.

How Resistance Training Supports Your Gut Health

There appears to be bidirectional communication between your muscles and your gut bacteria. Women who build strength through resistance training show specific changes in their gut microbiome, particularly increases in bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and support gut barrier function.

Resistance training also reduces markers of intestinal permeability and increases the protective mucus layer in the intestinal lining, supporting overall gut health.

The gut microbiome affects protein metabolism, insulin sensitivity and inflammation - all factors that matter for muscle and general health. Working your muscles appears to send signals back to the gut that influence bacterial composition.

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Just two sessions a week can make a difference

You don’t need hours in the gym. Research shows that two sessions per week of 20 minutes each can produce significant, sustained health benefits. In the first several months, even once per week creates meaningful results.

A session consists of eight to ten exercises covering major muscle groups, starting with one set of each and total beginners can see significant gains with even a single set per exercise.

The equipment doesn’t matter much when starting. Bodyweight exercises, resistance bands, dumbbells, machines or barbells all work. What matters is challenging your muscles enough that the last few repetitions feel difficult (Bone density benefits specifically require actual weight-bearing load, not just working against resistance.)

Why Start Here

Aerobic exercise is important for cardiovascular health, lung capacity, mood and fat loss. Don’t stop walking, cycling or swimming.

But if you’re only adding one thing, or need to prioritise because time is limited, resistance training addresses more of what changes in women’s bodies after 40:

• Builds and maintains muscle (aerobic exercise doesn’t)

• Builds bone density (aerobic exercise provides minimal benefit)

• Creates the metabolic machinery for long-term glucose management

• Provides specific cognitive benefits for executive function

• Directly addresses the muscle loss and metabolic changes that accelerate during menopause

The ideal scenario includes both and my favourite combination is daily walking and strength training. But for the collection of changes that happen after 40, resistance training addresses more of them at their source.

You’ll be stronger. You’ll move better. Your body composition will improve so you will love the way you look in the mirror. Your risk of fractures, diabetes, cognitive decline and depression will all decrease. You’re building a body that will be there for you at 60, 70 and 80.

No less important, you wil feel powerful and capable. It’s incredible how seeing yourself improving and becoming stronger affects feeling capable in other areas.

All you need to do is start.

Your body will handle the rest.

Why blood sugar regulation matters?

When you eat, carbohydrates break down into glucose (sugar) which enters your bloodstream. Your pancreas releases insulin to shuttle that glucose into your cells for energy. But when too much glucose floods in too quickly, insulin spikes. High insulin is essentially a “store fat” signal to your body. It also blocks fat burning - you can’t burn stored fat when insulin is elevated.

Then comes the crash. Your body takes sugar out of the blood and into cells and your blood sugar level drops and for some people going too low. Your body in an attempt to balance sugar levels, triggers hunger and cravings, usually for quick-energy foods like sugar and refined carbs. And the cycle starts again.

For women over 40, this gets trickier. Hormonal changes during perimenopause affect how your body handles glucose. Declining estrogen impacts insulin sensitivity and your cells don’t respond to insulin as efficiently. Your body has to produce more insulin to do the same job it used to do easily. Which is why the same eating patterns that worked in your 30s suddenly stop working - your metabolic context is changing.

Chronically high blood sugar is also inflammatory, and that inflammation affects far more than just your weight.

When blood sugar spikes repeatedly throughout the day, it triggers the production of inflammatory compounds called cytokines. These compounds circulate through your body, causing low-grade chronic inflammation that damages tissues over time.

Chronic inflammation is linked to accelerated aging, increased cardiovascular risk, joint pain, brain fog, and that general feeling of being unwell that’s hard to pinpoint. It can worsen perimenopausal symptoms, disrupt sleep quality, and affect your mood. You might be feeling “puffy”, “bloated” or “inflamed” without knowing why.

The blood sugar-inflammation connection also creates a vicious cycle. Inflammation makes your cells more insulin resistant, which means higher blood sugar, which creates even more inflammation.

Balancing your blood sugar isn’t just about losing weight, it’s about reducing your risk of chronic disease and actually feeling vital and clear-headed.

When your blood sugar is stabilised, you have more energy, better focus, less joint achiness, and your mood improves. All real benefits as you are going into perimenopause and menopause, and the result of reduced systemic inflammation.

And when you are feeling well in your body and have sustained energy you are more likely to eat healthily, exercise and eventually, find your happy weight.

The Toolkit

Remember, beyond the foundations which are good guideline to live by for health, nothing here is a rule to follow. Think of them as tools in your arsenal, options to experiment with and tactics to try and see what works for your body and is easy for you to implement.

The foundational Three:

Let’s start with the foundations. These have the most research behind them, we know they work to balance blood sugar!

1. Eat Protein at Every Meal

This one has the strongest evidence behind it, and understanding why it works helps you use it strategically.

Protein slows gastric emptying, which means food leaves your stomach more gradually. This creates a slower, steadier release of glucose into your bloodstream instead of flooding it with sugar. The result is a gentler insulin response and no dramatic spike and crash.

But protein does more than just slow things down. When you digest protein, it triggers the release of hormones like GLP-1 and PYY that signal fullness to your brain. These same hormones also help regulate blood sugar.

For women over 40, protein becomes even more important because it helps preserve muscle mass.

Think of your muscles as a glucose sponge that pulls sugar out of your bloodstream. As we age and hormones shift, we naturally start losing muscle. Eating enough protein helps counteract this and maintain adequate muscle tissues that can ‘sponge’ more sugar out of the bloodstream.

How to use it: Aim for 25-35 grams of protein at each meal. That’s roughly the amount in a palm-sized portion of chicken, fish, or tofu, or in a cup of Greek yogurt with some nuts.

Start your day with it - the research on protein at breakfast is especially strong. Studies show it helps regulate blood sugar and reduce cravings throughout the entire day, not just at that meal. It sets the metabolic tone.

2. Add Fibre to Your Plate

Soluble fibre (found in oats, beans, apples, and vegetables) forms a gel-like substance in your digestive tract. This physically slows the absorption of glucose, creating that gentle, gradual blood sugar rise instead of a spike, it’s like a buffer layer, before the sugar gets quickly digested.

But fibre’s impact goes beyond just slowing things down. When it reaches your large intestine, your gut bacteria ferment it, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate. These SCFAs improve insulin sensitivity - they help your cells respond better to insulin, so your body doesn’t need to produce as much of it.

The beauty is that your gut bacteria actually communicate with your metabolism. A diverse, well-fed microbiome produces compounds that help regulate blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and even influence food cravings.

Fibre is how you feed those beneficial bacteria. So you are both helping regulate your blood sugar by eating fibre and improving the whole system and how it regulates blood sugar in the future, through supporting your gut bacteria.

There’s also the practical aspect: fibre adds volume to meals without adding many calories. It literally fills space in your stomach, triggering stretch receptors that signal fullness. Which is why a big salad or a bowl of vegetable soup can be more satisfying than a handful of nuts, despite being relatively low in calories. They take up more space and make you feel full.

How to use it: You don’t need to track fibre grams - just include fibre-rich foods with most meals and make them a priority.

A simple way to think about it: fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, add your protein, then add your carb. You’ve automatically built in fibre that will moderate the blood sugar impact of the entire meal.

Download and print this free Fibre cheatsheet to identify the foods that give you the most fibre per calorie and start adding them to your plate, regularly.

3. Move After Eating

One of the most well-established blood sugar management strategies - making your muscle contract after meals.

When your muscles contract during movement, they pull glucose out of your bloodstream to use as fuel. They act as a sponge and take up sugar from your blood.

And the crucial bit? This happens regardless of what insulin signals are happening in your body. Which means movement works even when your metabolism is struggling.

So even if you are starting at a less than ideal situation metabolically, you are dealing with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or struggling with perimenopause-related metabolic changes, by simply doing some movement after meals, you can lower your blood sugar levels, effectively - right now.

Walking for just 10-15 minutes after a meal can reduce the post-meal blood sugar spike by 20-30%.

The timing matters: the research shows the biggest benefit when you move within 30 minutes after eating, ideally right after. That’s when blood sugar is rising and your muscles can intercept that glucose before it peaks.

The movement doesn’t have to be intense - just walking, some dancing in the kitchen, doing laundry loads - The key is consistent muscle contraction.

There’s a cumulative benefit too. Regular post-meal movement improves your overall insulin sensitivity over time. Your cells get better at responding to insulin, which means you need less of it to manage blood sugar.

How to use it: the easiest and most effective habit is to incorporate movement after meals. My grandmother used to always go for a short walk to ‘digest the meal’ and I think she had it exactly right (without being aware of any of the research).

Make post meal movement a habit. It doesn’t need to happen after every meal, but the more you get used to moving your body after eating, instead of plopping down on the couch the more benefits you will reap.

A great way to remember it is M&M (not the chocolate!) - Meal then Movement.

Research proven tactics that are worth trying

There is research to show these work but their effect and impact might differ from one individual to another. Worth experimenting with for sure!

The great thing about all of them is that you are not eating less, there is no restriction. You’re eating smarter combinations that work with your metabolism instead of against it.

1. Vegetables First

There’s research suggesting the order in which you eat your food, can impact your blood sugar reaction.

It suggests that eating vegetables before your protein and carbohydrates can reduce the blood sugar spike from a meal by 30-40% in some studies.

When you eat vegetables first, the fibre creates a physical barrier in your stomach and small intestine. When the carbohydrates arrive next, they have to work their way through this fibre mesh to be absorbed. This slows glucose absorption and creates a more gradual blood sugar rise.

There could also be hormonal effects. Starting with vegetables triggers the release of certain gut hormones that help moderate the insulin response to the carbs that follow. The fibre is priming your metabolism to handle what’s coming next.

There is also a practical benefit - eating the vegetables first when you’re hungriest means you actually eat them and potentially get fuller for less calories, before eating the rest of your meals. A way to reduce the calorie density of the meal, while controlling blood sugar.

How to use it: Start your meal with a few bites of salad or vegetables, then eat the rest of your meal normally. Order a salad or vegetable entree before starting your main course, when eating out.

2. Don’t Eat Carbs Naked

Research shows that combining macronutrients moderates blood sugar response.

When you eat carbohydrates on their own (a toast with jam, white rice or pasta) they digest quickly and flood your bloodstream with glucose. There’s nothing to slow them down. The result is a sharp spike followed by a crash.

Protein and fat both slow gastric emptying and digestion. When you eat them with carbohydrates, the entire meal digests more slowly. The glucose release is gradual rather than sudden. Your blood sugar rises gently, insulin stays moderate, and you avoid the crash that triggers cravings an hour later.

There’s also the satiety factor. Carbohydrates alone don’t trigger strong fullness signals. They provide quick energy, but your brain doesn’t register them as deeply satisfying. Protein and fat activate different satiety pathways - they create lasting fullness that prevents you from feeling hungry again shortly after.

How to use it: Get in the habit of asking “what’s the protein or fat?” whenever you reach for a carb-heavy food. Toast? Add eggs or nut butter. Pasta? Make sure there’s adequate protein in the sauce and some olive oil or just have a side of protein. Fruit? Pair it with Greek yogurt, cheese, a handful of nuts or some nut butter. Just as long as they are not eaten in isolation.

3. Cook than Cool

This is a really simple tactic that helps change the molecular structure of food to make it work better for your blood sugar. If you cook and then cool starchy foods (yes, carbs) you can reheat them and eat them and they will create a lower blood sugar response.

When you cook starchy foods like rice, potatoes, or pasta, the heat breaks apart the starch molecules. But when you cool them, the starch molecules rearrange themselves into a form called resistant starch. This resistant starch behaves more like fibre than regular starch.

Your small intestine can’t fully break down resistant starch, so it doesn’t cause the same blood sugar spike as the original starchy food. Some of it passes through to your large intestine where it feeds beneficial gut bacteria. Those bacteria ferment it into short-chain fatty acids that improve insulin sensitivity.

The research shows that cooling cooked starches can reduce the blood sugar impact by 20-40% depending on the food and how long it’s chilled. Potatoes seem to show the most dramatic effect, followed by rice and pasta.

The best part? You can reheat the food and the resistant starch remains. You’re not stuck eating cold potatoes. Meal prep actually becomes a blood sugar management strategy - make a batch of rice or potatoes, refrigerate overnight, then use and reheat throughout the week.

How to use it: Cook your rice, potatoes, or pasta as usual. Let them cool completely in the refrigerator overnight - at least 12 hours seems to maximize resistant starch formation. Reheat and eat normally, knowing the structure has changed in your favor.

This works particularly well for meal prep. Make a grain bowl base or potato side on Sunday, and you’ve created a more blood-sugar-friendly version for the week ahead.

Some people also swear by adding external forms of resistant starch onto their meals to create this effect. For example - sprinkling potato starch (yes the kind you buy in powder form in the supermarket) onto carb heavy meals to help balance the blood sugar response.

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4. Add Vinegar

Some studies show that consuming 1-2 tablespoons of vinegar before a meal can reduce the post-meal blood sugar spike by 20-30%. Acetic acid (the main component in all vinegars) slows gastric emptying and improves insulin sensitivity.

This one has mixed evidence though. Some studies show minimal or no effect. The variation seems to depend on the meal composition, individual metabolism, and possibly even gut bacteria differences between people.

An easy way to try this is to add vinegar based dressings to a salad at the beginning of a meal. Combining the benefits of both vegetables first + Vinegar for blood sugar regulation.

Some research shows greater benefits by drinking a tablespoon or two of vinegar diluted in water around 10-15 minutes before starting a heavily carbohydrate meal, but I don’t think it’s very practical… just some vinegar on your salad, or some pickles (made with vinegar) with your food, can probably generate enough good impact.

How to use it: use more vinegar-based dressings or include pickled vegetables with meals. If you want to go all out, dilute a tablespoon or two of vinegar in water and drink it with a straw 10-15 minutes before a carbohydrate heavy meal.

Tools to use, not food rules

Blood sugar management isn’t about deprivation or complicated protocols. It’s about working with your metabolism instead of against it. When you understand how your body works: why protein matters, how fibre helps, what movement does, you can use these tools strategically.

The beauty of this approach is that it compounds. Better blood sugar control improves sleep. Better sleep reduces stress and cravings. Less dramatic blood sugar swings mean less inflammation and more stable energy and mood.

Everything supports everything else and before you know it, you feel better and you have the energy and motivation to do a little bit more and to start seeing changes not just in how you feel in your body, but also how you look at your body.

Start where you are. Pick what resonates. Build from there.

I’m not going to pretend I’ve always loved exercise. For most of my life, it felt like something I “should” do rather than something I wanted to do. And I would proudly proclaim how much I hated it. How, if I could get away with it, I would never exercise again. But miraculously, at some point over the last couple of years, that’s changed. Not through force or discipline, but due to small shifts in how I think about movement and how I approach it.

I thought it might be useful to share the things that worked for me. Not rules, just strategies and small shifts that made exercise feel less like a chore and more like something I actually choose to do.

1. Make It Not About Burning Calories

You’ll notice that exercising “in order to burn calories” or “to lose weight” isn’t the focus here. For years, exercise was something I needed to do to lose weight. Someone else might get away without exercising, but I needed to, so that I could burn food calories. It was never done consistently, it was done as part of a bout of trying to lose weight, as part of a new year’s resolution or to “start exercising.” I hated every moment of it, specifically the cardio. But hey, that’s what you needed to do to burn the most calories, right?

The biggest shift I made was to stop associating movement and exercise with calorie burning. Once that wasn’t the objective, I could start looking at movement differently, choosing a form of exercise I enjoyed more and trying to examine how I felt about it.

And yes, it’s nice to know that by walking or lifting I’m burning calories and yes, it’s great to know it’s a wonderful way to support weight loss. But focusing on doing this to lose weight just makes it feel like a temporary and restrictive tool.

Thinking about movement as empowering, as something I get to do (even if it doesn’t feel exactly like that when I need to get out of the door), makes it something I do for a multitude of reasons that have nothing to do with weight loss (and the calories burnt are just a side perk).

2. Reframe It as Me Time

Instead of seeing exercise as one more task on my to-do list, I started thinking about it as an opportunity to spend time away from all of life’s other demands. A sort of “me time.” An opportunity to unwind or connect with myself in a meaningful way.

When I walk, it’s time to relax and think. Time to invest in my peace of mind. No one is asking me for anything, no screens, no demands. Just me, my thoughts, sometimes listening to a podcast I enjoy or some music.

When I go to the gym, it’s time to engage with my body, to feel the endorphins kick in, to focus entirely on myself for an hour. I often listen to music I enjoy or something I never got round to listening to (a video in audio form, a podcast, a training).

In a life where it sometimes feels like you’re constantly juggling a never-ending amount of balls, this is time that’s just mine.

That reframe made it feel less like an obligation - something I should be doing or need to be doing - and more like something I get to do. A gift to myself, and made me more likely to want to go.

3. Give Yourself Permission to Do Less

One of the most powerful things that worked for me was to give myself permission to do as much or as little as I felt like doing and moving away from an all-or-nothing mindset.

Some days all I can pull off is a short walk around the block. Some days I go to the gym and do as much or as little as I feel like. If I’m not feeling like doing that really hard exercise I hate today, I don’t. If I feel like all I can do is reduce the weight or the reps, that’s what I do.

Yes, it might be less optimal than the ideal protocol to build muscle and progress, and in a world where we’re constantly bombarded with the latest research on how many reps, sets and weights are ideal for achieving the perfect body composition, it feels hard to do the opposite. But I made a decision early on that the only thing that matters for me at this season of life is to find a way to enjoy movement enough so that I can keep doing it, consistently, in the long run.

Because this is for life. Not for a period, not for a goal.

Especially at 48, it’s very clear that movement needs to be a forever thing. So my priority is about sticking with it and enjoying it over optimising.

Some sessions I go all out. And as far as intentions go, yes I am aiming and trying to lift to failure, to increase weights, to target all body parts. But if I don’t feel in the mood at all, I allow myself to cut corners in a conscious way. And that permission slip means I’m not giving up completely, I’m not dreading going, I’m able to show up consistently. And more often than not, I end up feeling better for it and going full force anyway. I made this my new life-changing mantra: something is better than nothing.

4. Make It Enjoyable

Music really gets me moving. So every time I hear a really rhythmic tune that makes me want to move, I save it to a special playlist on Spotify and only listen to it in the gym, whilst exercising.

I save podcasts I really want to listen to for my walks or gym sessions only. Tying those two things together - something I want to do with something I might not be that keen on doing at the moment - created a connection in my mind where I actually look forward to exercising because I get to listen to that tune or that podcast, and that’s enough of a pull to start moving.

This was especially powerful in the beginning. I would wait to go out on a walk so that I could continue listening to the audiobook, or get to hear the podcast. Moving was just an excuse to go do that thing I enjoyed and could only get to do whilst exercising. I know clients who saved TV series episodes to only watch whilst walking the treadmill, or for you it might be having that special latte at that special place after the gym, or an opportunity to chat with a friend whilst walking. Anything works. The idea is to create a positive enough association, or a pull, so that your brain now craves doing the activity because it wants that other thing (creating a high reward value for something which might not be as rewarding right now).

5. Pay Attention to How Good You Feel After

During stretching and cool down, when I’m walking out of the gym buzzing, I really pay attention. I fully, mindfully focus on feeling the good feelings afterwards.

This helps my brain fully understand and upregulate the reward value of exercise. It’s the same principle as the mindfulness practice with food - I’m giving my brain some positive data about how rewarding this behaviour actually is, in an attempt to raise its reward value which for years has been very low (this is painful, annoying, not fun, I’d rather watch some television...).

6. Understand the Benefits

Really educating myself about why movement matters helped a lot. Going way beyond “this is burning calories” (very few calories, at that).

Strength training makes you look leaner aesthetically as your body builds muscle. That’s a nice perk. But more importantly, especially at 48, it changes your neurology, helps with menopause symptoms, builds bone density, increases metabolism so you burn more calories at rest, improves insulin sensitivity (so you store less fat and burn it more easily), reduces inflammation, and supports better sleep and mood.

Walking is one of the best and easiest things you can do for weight loss, maintenance, and general health. It reduces stress, improves cardiovascular health, helps regulate blood sugar and so much more.

A massive study of 1.2 million people found that those who exercised had 43% fewer days of poor mental health per month compared to those who didn’t. The benefits showed up across all types of exercise, with the sweet spot at around 45 minutes, three to five times per week.

Another recent study following over half a million people found that meeting WHO-recommended physical activity levels gained people an additional 1 to 2 disease-free years between ages 40 and 75. Not just living longer, but living without heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, or chronic lung conditions.

Really knowing what movement does for your health and wellbeing is a very strong incentive to just get moving. In whatever shape or form feels appealing.

7. Find External Nudges

I have a dog. Her name is Millie. She loves running in the woods. I take her on my walks and she gets to run around as happy as can be.

On days when I’m not feeling that keen to go outside, I look at her and remind myself that she would love nothing more than to go running. Sometimes, it’s the push I need to go out or to keep going for longer. I feel like I need to think of her as well.

Sometimes going to the gym or doing some exercise at home is about modelling a certain healthy behaviour for my kids. Showing them what keeping promises to yourself looks like. How important movement is.

These are small things. They aren’t usually enough to get me moving in the first place (and they don’t work every time). But added to everything else, sometimes they’re the small nudge needed to do it when you don’t want to.

8. Change Your Identity

Whilst definitely still a work in progress, thinking of myself as someone who enjoys moving instead of someone who hates exercise has helped.

I spent years telling myself how I hate to exercise. Once I consciously changed that narrative, it helped me make choices from a place of “this is who I am” instead of focusing on how much I hate to move.

When I think about it, my identity for years was: I hate exercise, I’m doing it because I have to.

Changing the story made a difference. And changing the story didn’t mean fooling myself when I couldn’t be arsed to go. It meant building a new narrative about how movement makes me feel good, it’s a chance to connect with myself, to focus on me, to do things I enjoy, and how it’s changing things in my body and mind for the better.

So with all that in mind, I now see myself as someone who enjoys movement.

9. Make It Easy

I have some weights at home. So when I’m not feeling like going to the gym, or it just didn’t happen that day for whatever reason, I can do something short and quick instead.

I try to go to the gym, after dropping my kids at the coach, when i am already out of the house and moving.

The easier you make it to start and do something, the more likely you are to actually do it.

Nothing in the Above Is Magic

Some days I feel genuinely excited to go to the gym. Other days I have to remind myself of all these things just to get myself out the door. Some days I get there full of motivation, ready to conquer the world. Other days I drag myself in, with zero motivation.

The difference is, I don’t quit anymore. I don’t give up when I miss a week or when I have a session where I phone it in. I just keep going, at whatever pace feels manageable.

There is value in just showing up. More often than not, you find your motivation in the movement, not before you head out. And the more you keep doing it, the more of a habit it becomes.

And increasingly, unbelievably, more days than not, I actually look forward to it.

I would love to read in the comments what helps you stick with exercise? What’s your one tip that made a difference in your ability to keep moving?

For some it’s a certain chocolate. For others it’s wine gums, gummy bears, or Diet Coke. It’s usually something they would rather not eat, and it makes them feel like the food controls them instead of actively making the decision to eat it. They’re being compelled to continue, even when just a few bites would have been enough. And it’s not driven by hunger or nutrition. They feel ‘addicted’.

You might be able to relate. Or maybe in your case, it’s not that extreme. You might not want to completely remove the food from your life. It might just be a wish to be more in control around it. To make the conscious decision to stop after a few bites, easier.

So far you might have failed because trying to use willpower to stop eating something is fighting against one of the most fundamental learning systems in your brain: reward-based learning.

How Your Brain Creates Food Habits

Your brain is constantly running this loop:

Trigger (you’re stressed, bored, or just see the food which previously made you feel good) → Behavior (you eat it) → Reward (you feel better, at least briefly).

Every time you complete this loop, your brain strengthens the connection. It learns: “When I feel this way, eating this makes me feel better” or “eating this food is so yummy and makes me feel great.” The behavior becomes learned and automatic, a habit stored in a part of your brain called the orbitofrontal cortex.

From that point on, every additional bite strengthens that loop further.

And even when you want to stop, you just can’t. Because willpower doesn’t really work long-term. You’re trying to override a learned pattern with conscious effort. That takes enormous energy, and the moment you’re tired, stressed, or distracted, the automatic pattern wins.

The white-knuckle approach doesn’t break the habit. All it does is make you feel like you’re failing, which might send you seeking comfort… in food.

Research from neuroscience and addiction medicine suggests a different, proven way - a specific type of mindfulness practice that can break these eating loops naturally, without the force of willpower or restriction. I’ve used it myself (and still do) and it’s an amazing tool to slowly chip away at eating habits you want to break.

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What Neuroscience Can Teach Us About Breaking Food Habits

Dr. Judson Brewer, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist who studies addiction, investigated how habits actually change.

His paradigm is based on a simple truth: the brain doesn’t just learn from positive rewards. It also learns from disenchantment - when the actual experience of something is less rewarding than you expected.

Think about a food that used to excite you but no longer does. Maybe you loved a certain sweet as a child but find it too sugary now or just not as appealing. Your brain updated that specific food’s reward value based on your actual experience.

Another example: you see a new bakery open in town with your favorite type of pastry that looks incredible. You fantasise about eating it, go inside, order it, eat it... and it’s a huge disappointment. It wasn’t fresh, something with the taste was off, it just wasn’t very nice. The next time you pass that bakery, you’re unlikely to go inside and order it again. You’re no longer salivating at the thought. Your brain learned that this specific pastry’s reward value isn’t that high.

The key is that your brain can relearn from disenchantment, and you can help it get disenchanted with certain foods that no longer serve you or your goals.

But you have to give your brain accurate data.

The problem is, when you’re in the middle of an eating habit, you’re not paying attention to what you’re experiencing. You’re eating on autopilot, caught in the fantasy of how good it will feel or the historical knowledge that it’s great - not the reality of how it actually feels in your mouth and body right now.

Being mindful can change your brain

Here’s the approach research shows can break overeating patterns: instead of trying to stop yourself from eating the food, you eat it with full awareness.

When you pay close, curious attention to what you’re actually experiencing, two things happen:

First, you might discover the food isn’t as rewarding as you thought. The first bite might taste great. But research shows that by the third, fourth, or fifth bite, the enjoyment drops significantly.

It’s called sensory-specific satiety, a well-documented phenomenon where the pleasure you get from a specific food naturally decreases as you continue eating it, even before you’re physically full.

When you’re eating on autopilot, you completely miss this drop. You keep eating based on the memory of how good the first bite was, not the reality of how the current bite actually tastes. Or you miss noticing you feel slightly sick, anxious, or uncomfortably full until you have already eaten too much for comfort.

The second thing that happens is that your brain updates its reward value based on this accurate information. The orbitofrontal cortex literally changes its assessment of how rewarding this behavior is. Once that reward value drops, the urge weakens naturally. You don’t have to force yourself to stop. The pull just isn’t as strong.

In Brewer’s research with smokers, this approach was twice as effective as standard treatment. Participants who practiced mindful smoking (paying full attention to the taste, smell, and sensation while smoking a cigarette) found cigarettes became less appealing. Many described feeling “disenchanted” with smoking.

The same mechanism works with food. I’ve used it personally to reduce how much coffee, wine, and Diet Coke I drink, with great success. The impetus to reduce was logical and intentional, but the mindfulness practice made it stick and easier to implement.

How To Practice This (Step By Step)

Step 1: Notice the urge

When you feel pulled to eat your trigger food, pause for just three seconds. Notice: what triggered this? Stress? Boredom? Seeing the food? Just observe it, don’t judge.

Step 2: Get curious

Instead of fighting the urge or giving in on autopilot, ask yourself: “What will I actually get from eating this right now?”

Not what you hope to get. What you’ll actually experience.

Step 3: If you decide to eat it, do it mindfully

Give yourself full permission to eat the food. No guilt, no “I shouldn’t.” But make an agreement with yourself to pay very close attention to how each bite feels.

Before you take a bite, look at the food. Notice its appearance, its texture.

Take a bite. Really taste it. What flavors do you notice? How does the texture feel? Is it as good as you expected? Chew slowly, notice the feelings in your body - good and bad. That first bite might feel like heaven and that’s okay.

Take another bite. Is it still as enjoyable as the first? Or has it become mechanical?

Notice how your body feels. Your stomach. Your energy. Your mood.

Step 4: Stay curious throughout

You’re not trying to prove anything or force any particular outcome. You’re genuinely investigating your experience.

If it tastes amazing and you feel great, that’s fine. Notice that.

If it’s less enjoyable than expected, or if the first jelly bean feels incredible but the sixth just feels like chewing on rubber, or even just “nice” but nothing more, notice that.

Step 5: Reflect without judgment

How do you feel now? Not just immediately, but 20 minutes later? An hour later?

Did you get what you were looking for? Or did you get something else - temporary comfort followed by guilt, physical discomfort, anxiety?

The trick is to register the real feelings, good and bad, of the experience. You might enjoy every bite but realise that by the sixth spoonful that dessert doesn’t feel as great on your tongue. Just neutral really. You might feel amazing eating the food throughout but feel too full afterwards, gassy, or bloated. There’s no judgment involved or an attempt to find the negatives. It’s a real mindful exploration of the experience as it is.

Why it Works When Restriction Doesn’t

The beauty of this approach is you’re not fighting your brain. You’re working with its natural learning system.

When you restrict a food and tell yourself “I can’t have this,” your brain actually increases the reward value (this is backed by research - more on this in a future post). The food becomes more desirable. It’s the same reason why diets that forbid certain foods often lead to bingeing when you “break the rules.”

But when you eat something with full awareness and discover it’s not as rewarding as you thought, your brain naturally decreases its reward value.

Without the forbidden fruit effect, the food doesn’t become more desirable just because you’re not “allowed” to have it. Instead, you’re letting your brain learn from actual experience: “When I pay attention, this isn’t as amazing as I thought. And I feel uncomfortable afterwards.”

That’s real data your brain can use to update its reward predictions. And that naturally reduces desire without creating the psychological reactance that makes restriction backfire (*Reactance theory is the motivational reaction to restore freedom when it’s threatened).

One study found that people who practiced this mindful eating approach had significantly reduced cravings and were better able to stop eating when satisfied compared to those using cognitive strategies like distraction or trying to “think differently” about the food.

The key here is curiosity, not control.

My Personal Experience

I originally tried this method to reduce how much coffee and Diet Coke I was drinking. Not even an uncontrollable food as such, but just a food habit I wanted to break.

I started noticing how that first gulp of Diet Coke felt great and refreshing, but after a few sips, the appeal just wasn’t there. I was drinking on autopilot. It was sweet and nice, but also had an aftertaste and the caffeine made me slightly jittery afterwards, not satiated, yet wanting more.

I really honed in on that feeling. The next time I craved drinking one, I actively replayed how drinking the last can felt. Sometimes it was enough to discourage me from drinking. Other times I still felt like it and went ahead, making sure to really feel how it felt.

Once you get used to this tool and realize how powerful it is, you can use it actively to reduce the reward value of any habit you’re trying to break, as well as to amplify the value of positive habits you’re trying to build.

For example, I’m really mindful of how great I feel in my body after a workout, or how much I enjoy my “me time” walking. When I don’t really feel like heading to the gym, one of the tools I use is focusing and replaying that positive feeling from last time.

By doing so, I help boost the reward value of habits I want to maintain or build, and reduce the value of habits I could do without.

This takes practice. Sometimes I forget (or can’t be bothered) and I eat on autopilot. That’s fine. As soon as you return to practicing awareness, you’re giving your brain more accurate data to factor into future decisions.

This Isn’t About Perfection

You might be thinking: “But what if I pay attention and still eat the whole packet?”

That will happen, especially at first. Your brain has years of learned associations to update.

The practice isn’t about stopping immediately or magically being repulsed by something that brought you lots of pleasure for a long time. It’s about gathering information. Each time you eat with awareness, you’re weakening the automatic pattern.

Some sessions you’ll notice the food isn’t that rewarding and naturally stop. Other times you might eat more than you wanted, but at least you’re learning something about your triggers or what you’re really seeking: comfort? Distraction? A break? - and whether you were able to get it from the food.

Both outcomes give you useful data.

The goal isn’t perfect control. It’s increased awareness, which naturally leads to changed behavior over time.

When To Use This Tool

Use this approach when:

• You’re about to eat something you’ve promised yourself you wouldn’t

• You find yourself eating a food compulsively when you really would rather not

• You eat past comfortable fullness with certain foods

• You feel out of control around particular trigger foods

Think of this as a tool in your toolbox, not a magic pill that either works or doesn’t. For those specific patterns that feel automatic or out of control, or when you feel like you could use some help breaking a less than ideal food habit.

The Research

Studies on mindfulness-based interventions for eating behaviors consistently show that awareness-focused approaches reduce binge eating, emotional eating, and eating in response to external cues.

One meta-analysis found that mindfulness interventions were effective for reducing both food cravings and actual consumption of problem foods.

By disrupting the automatic reward-based learning that drives habitual eating, you are able to gradually erase them for good. When you pay attention to actual experience rather than acting on learned associations, your brain has the opportunity to update those associations based on real data.

Research also shows this approach works better than:

• Cognitive strategies (trying to think differently about food)

• Distraction techniques (trying to ignore cravings)

• Suppression (trying to force urges away)

The awareness-based approach doesn’t require fighting or forcing. It leverages your brain’s natural learning system.

What Makes This Empowering

The reason I love this tool is it gives you agency without requiring superhuman willpower.

Nothing is wrong with you for having these eating patterns. Your brain is doing exactly what it’s designed to do: learn from experience and repeat behaviors that seem rewarding.

The problem is it learned from incomplete data. You were eating on autopilot, so your brain only registered “this feels good” without noticing “it stops feeling as good after the 10th bite” or “this doesn’t actually solve my stress.”

When you bring full awareness to the experience, you’re simply completing the feedback loop. You’re giving your brain all the information it needs to make better decisions.

This isn’t about discipline. It’s about data. With this tool, you’re working with your biology, not forcing anything, making it almost easy.

Give It A Try

The next time you feel pulled to eat something you “can’t stop” eating, try this practice.

Don’t promise yourself you won’t eat it. Don’t try to use willpower. Instead, make an agreement with yourself: if you eat it, you’ll pay full attention.

Notice what you actually experience. Not what you hope to experience or what you think you should experience. What you actually feel, taste, notice in your body.

Do this a few times and see what happens. You might be surprised at what you discover when you actually pay attention.

And if you do - let me know how it felt - I would love to hear about your experience.

You might also be interested in reading:

This isn’t theoretical. We have actual scientific proof that our gut microbes influence far more than we ever thought.

Take this for example: in a 2025 study, adolescents with obesity who received faecal microbiota transplants taken from lean donors (that’s an ingested poop sample, from one individual to another, yes) showed significant differences four years later compared to those who received a placebo - 10cm smaller waist circumference, nearly 5% less body fat, and 68% lower inflammation markers. The transplanted bacteria created lasting metabolic changes. In another recent trial, over half the participants who received a transplant of bacteria into their gut, achieved significant weight loss averaging nearly 8kg within 12 weeks.

The bacteria in our gut don’t just influence weight - they actively control how our bodies process and store energy.

Our gut bacteria extract calories and store fat

The bacteria in our gut determine how much energy we harvest from food. One study showed that obese individuals have a different bacterial composition than lean people - specifically, a higher ratio of one kind of bacteria compared to others, which allows them to extract up to an additional 150 calories per day from the same food. Another study found that people whose microbiomes bacteria generated more methane gas tend to extract more energy from high-fiber foods.

The mechanisms are not yet completely clear, but a consensus is being built that the same meal can yield different calorie amounts depending on your gut bacteria. With the additional calories per day example, extrapulated over a month, we are looking at 4,500 extra calories. Over a year, it’s enough to explain significant weight gain without changing the diet at all. Facinating!

And there is more. Your body is constantly making decisions about whether to store incoming energy as fat or burn it. Certain bacteria suppress a protein that normally tells your body to burn fat rather than store it (fasting-induced adipose factor or FIAF). When gut bacteria shut down that signal, your fat cells default to storage mode - even if you’re not overeating.

If gut bacteria are out of balance, meaning not enough ‘beneficial’ bacteria and too much ‘less beneficial’ bacteria, the protective barrier lining the gut can weaken. As that barrier weakens, inflammatory compounds leak into the bloodstream and can trigger insulin resistance - which makes the body store fat more easily and burn it less readily. This can also creates constant hunger, because cells aren’t getting energy efficiently, even when blood sugar is high.

So while the basic concept of calories in and calories out will always hold, there is more to the story. Our gut composition can make it harder or easier to lose weight and it can impact how hungry we are (and hence how many calories we will find ourselves driven to eat), as well as how many calories we absorb from the same meal.

Overwhelmed much?

Ok, at this point it would be fair to feel like you have no control over any of it. I know I did at times. You might be thinking, ‘I am being asked not only to eat a certain amount of calories, aim for healthy sources, and I can’t even control how that plays out? Off to the cookie jar I go! ‘

But here is how I think about it:

The basics always hold. You’ll lose weight if you ingest fewer calories than you burn. That formula will always be true. But that formula has many things impacting it - how much you absorb depends on your gut bacteria, how hungry or satisfied you are affects how much you eat, and what you eat impacts how you store or burn fat. The environment you create through what you eat, when and in what quantities, how you sleep and how much you move will either make the weight loss process smooth and easy or an uphill struggle.

And most importantly, you’re aiming for a healthy weight to feel happy and healthy, to thrive. The weight is a byproduct of helping your body perform at its best. To help your body thrive, all these moving factors that support health are important as much (if not more) than the weight itself.

Deep breath and let’s get back to our gut bacteria and how fuelling them can help.

Short-chain fatty acids control your appetite and metabolism

Beneficial bacteria in our gut ferment the fibre we eat and produce short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). These molecules trigger the release of GLP-1 and PYY - two powerful appetite-suppressing hormones. GLP-1 is the same hormone that weight-loss medications like Ozempic mimic.

GLP-1, which is naturally excreted in our body post meals, slows how quickly food leaves the stomach, making us feel full longer.

It also tells our brain when we have had enough to eat. Butyrate, one of those short-chain fatty acids bacteria produces, directly increases the production of PYY, a hormone that signals fullness. The more butyrate your bacteria produces, the stronger that satiety signal becomes.

So the more fibre we consume, the ‘happier’ our gut bacteria, the more short-chain fatty acids we produce and the higher satiety we feel. This is one of the reasons high-fibre diets are so important for feelings of satiety and reduced hunger.

But here’s where it gets interesting for weight loss: not all fibre works the same way, and not all gut bacteria do the same job.

This is why diversity of fibre sources matters. A healthy microbiome isn’t just about having beneficial bacteria - it’s about having enough different types working together. Some bacteria specialise in producing short-chain fatty acids that signal fullness. Others maintain the gut lining that allows those compounds to be absorbed effectively. And others help regulate how your body responds to hunger and satiety signals. When this ecosystem is disrupted, you might be eating plenty of fiber but not getting the full metabolic and appetite-regulating benefits.

The key takeaway: it’s not just enough to feed our existing bacteria by consuming fibre - we need to cultivate a diverse population of bacteria by eating diverse fibre sources. That’s how we support the full range of mechanisms that help with sustainable, comfortable weight loss.

Download the printable fiber cheat sheet: how to compare fiber-rich foods and make choices that keep you full for longer.

For introduction of new bacteria strains, fermented foods are as important as fibre

The recommendation is clear: eat more fibre to feed your gut bacteria. While this recommendation holds, a 2021 study from Stanford added some important nuance.

They split participants into two groups. One increased fibre from 22 to 45 grams daily. The other ate six servings of fermented foods daily - yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha, vegetable brine drinks.

After 10 weeks, the high-fibre group showed no increase in bacterial diversity. The fermented foods group showed significant increases in both diversity and number of bacterial species. Even more interesting, 19 inflammatory proteins (bad for us) decreased in the fermented foods group, including IL-6, which is linked to type 2 diabetes and chronic inflammation.

The researchers found undigested carbohydrates in the stool of the fibre group, suggesting their depleted microbiomes (not diverse enough) didn’t have the needed bacteria to ferment the fibre.

The practical implication: you may need to repopulate the bacteria first through fermented foods that introduce new bacterial strains, and only then can those bacteria utilise the fibre you’re eating.

How to increase diversity? Eat a variety of plant foods

The American Gut Project analysed over 10,000 participants and found that people eating 30 or more different plant types weekly had significantly more diverse gut microbiomes than those eating fewer than 10. This held true whether they were vegan, vegetarian, or omnivore.

Here is what they counted toward 30: vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, and herbs or spices. Different varieties count separately - red apples and green apples are two different plants.

High-diversity eaters showed elevated levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a major anti-inflammatory bacteria, and Oscillospira, a bacteria which is associated with leanness.

The mechanism behind this comes down to polyphenols - the plant compounds that give foods their colours. About 90-95% of polyphenols reach our colon unabsorbed, where they act as fertilisers for beneficial bacteria as well as inhibiting harmful ones.

Polyphenol-rich foods are usually plant-based foods with strong colours. They include berries (blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, strawberries), grapes, green tea, dark chocolate (70% cocoa or higher), extra virgin olive oil, and coffee. Herbs and spices are particularly concentrated sources - oregano, thyme, rosemary, turmeric, and cinnamon. Nuts like walnuts and pecans, along with colourful vegetables like red cabbage, artichokes, and spinach, also contribute significant amounts as well as apples, citrus fruits, and red onions.

This is part of why you will often hear the recommendation to ‘eat the rainbow’ and make sure you eat a variety of colourful vegetables and fruits. If you include several of these colourful foods throughout the day: a cup of berries on your yogurt, green tea with lunch, extra virgin olive oil on your salad, and dark chocolate as an occasional treat - you are sorted.

Some bacteria are consistently linked to healthy weight

Akkermansia muciniphila, a certain type of bacteria, has recently become popular as a promising weight-management bacteria, making up 1-5% of healthy gut bacteria but significantly depleted in obesity. It has been shown to strengthen the gut barrier, stimulate GLP-1 production, and reduce the inflammatory compounds that drive insulin resistance.

A 2024 trial showed that taking it as a supplement reduced body weight, fat mass, and blood sugar levels - but only in participants who had low levels to begin with. If you already had adequate Akkermansia levels, adding more doesn’t seem to help. Which makes it tricky, as most of us don’t know the exact composition of our gut bacteria and don’t test for levels unless something is off.

What we can do instead is rely on what we know boosts Akkermansia levels. In mice trials as well as some human ones, cranberry extract dramatically increased Akkermansia and prevented diet-induced obesity.

Another interesting bacteria is Christensenella minuta, which is dubbed the “lean bacteria” because it’s consistently more abundant in normal-weight individuals. Cornell researchers transplanted it into germ-free mice and reversed their weight gain. It produces high levels of acetate, inhibits fat production in the liver, and functions as a keystone species that helps other beneficial bacteria thrive.

Who knows, maybe at some point in the future we might have clear menu options and preferences on what to eat to boost specific types of bacteria. For now, our best bet is to ‘eat the rainbow’: a variety of colourful fruits and vegetables, rich in fibre and consume fermented foods, consistently.

What doesn’t work so well: some artificial sweeteners, highly processed foods and restriction

There is mixed data on artificial sweeteners. Saccharin and sucralose have been shown to alter the microbiome in ways that trigger glucose intolerance, making blood sugar control worse and reducing diversity. Aspartame’s effects are less clear, but some research found it to be “not benign for the microbiome,” reducing bacterial richness.

The bottom line is that we don’t yet know the exact impact of artificial sweeteners on the gut, but moderation in consumption is likely a good recommendation. Like everything in nutrition - it depends. If you are currently consuming full sugar drinks like Coke, regularly, the negative impact on your metabolism, weight and health probably outweighs the negative impact of a diet coke with aspartame on your gut…

Non-synthetic options like stevia, monk fruit and xylitol seem to be less disruptive, but the data is still emerging.

Restrictive dieting

Restrictive dieting (not eating enough calories or restricting specific nutrients) create a different problem. The dieting may create lasting microbiome changes, due to the lack of enough nutrient sources needed for bacteria to thrive.

Research in mice suggests the microbiome may retain changes after weight loss, with one study showing an altered bacterial composition for approximately six months post-diet. The mice rapidly regained weight when returning to normal eating, not because they started to eat more, but due to bacterial changes in the gut.

If true for humans too (we don’t know), it suggests that the quality of our diet during and after weight loss matters as much as the weight loss itself. Each round of restrictive dieting could deplete beneficial bacteria that take months to repopulate. The microbiome damage could potentially accumulate faster than it can repair between diets, which is why we should always be eating for health first, with weight loss as a secondary outcome.

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So what do I eat?

Can we counter each and every new development about what happens to our gut microbiome when it relates to weight loss? Probably not. But what’s clear is that the composition of the gut microbiome has an impact on our ability to maintain a healthy weight and that good diversity of bacteria and a flourishing gut microbiome is beneficial in so many ways.

What might help?

Include fermented foods regularly - Consider adding some source of fermented food to your day - ideally from different sources. This could be yogurt or kefir, kimchi or sauerkraut. Mixing your sources rather than eating the same yogurt every day means you’re exposing your gut to different bacterial strains.

Expand your plant variety - Rather than fixating on hitting exactly 30 plants weekly, focus on gradually increasing the variety you’re consuming. Count vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, herbs, and spices. Different varieties count separately. If you’re currently at 10-15 different plants weekly, working towards 20 is meaningful progress. The research shows that higher diversity consistently correlates with better metabolic markers, so any increase in variety helps.

Build up fibre intake gradually - The current recommendations suggest 25g at a minimum. For microbiome effects, research suggests 40-50g may be more beneficial. Consider emphasising soluble and fermentable fibres: oats, beans, lentils, berries, apples, root vegetables, and foods high in resistant starch (cooked-then-cooled potatoes, rice, pasta, green bananas).

I have created a printable fibre cheat Sheet, with various foods, sorted by the amount of fiber they have, per 100 calories - high to low, to help you figure out what to eat, at a glance.

Aim to increase your fiber intake slowly over several weeks to avoid digestive discomfort.

Emphasise polyphenol-rich foods - Berries, grapes, green tea, cocoa, olive oil, and deeply coloured vegetables all support beneficial bacteria while inhibiting harmful ones.

Reduce ultra-processed foods where possible- Diets high in ultra-processed foods are consistently associated with less diverse gut bacteria in observational studies. Whether this is because these foods lack fibre and plant diversity, because certain additives directly harm beneficial bacteria, or both, isn’t yet clear from human studies. What we know is that the overall dietary pattern matters - and UPFs typically displace whole foods that support the microbiome.

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The payoff isn’t just weight management. Lower inflammation, improved mood, better sleep, and a metabolic system finally working with your efforts rather than against them.

Your gut bacteria are either your biggest obstacle or your strongest ally in reaching a healthy weight. What you feed them matters.

Maybe you stayed pretty steady through December. If you did, genuinely - nice. But for most of us, the holidays are a built-in permission slip to loosen the grip a little. More social stuff, more travel, more stress, more “we’ll just do what we can.” And honestly? That’s normal. It can even be healthy.

Then January rolls around and reality (rude as ever) shows up. We look around and think, okay, time to get back on track.

Here’s the thing I want to offer: the fastest way to get back on track is to stop treating it like you fell off a track in the first place.

I’m writing this from the other side of a messy few weeks. December brought travel, family stuff, holiday chaos, and the slow collapse of a routine that normally runs like a well-oiled machine. My gym sessions disappeared. Food was all over the place. Daily walks became occasional walks, which became no walks.

But here I am in mid-January, and it’s back. The walks are back. Food feels simple again. I’m lifting regularly. Not through some heroic burst of discipline, but because I came back the way I’ve finally learned works: quietly, imperfectly, and with way less drama.

Because I’ve been here before. Many times. And in the past, these little “breaks” used to scare me. They felt like the beginning of the end. Even if I bounced back, it would be temporary. I’d do a week of intense effort, feel relieved, then fizzle out. I’d blame motivation, willpower, “falling off,” all the usual suspects.

Now I see it differently.

The way most of us try to recommit in January is exactly why we’re back in the same place by February.

So here are six genuinely counterintuitive, research-backed truths about behavior change. They might feel a bit wrong at first - but they’ll get you further than willpower ever could.

1. You Don’t Need Motivation. You Need Motion.

We’ve been trained to wait for motivation like it’s a green light. As if one day you’ll wake up and feel ready, then everything will be easy.

But motivation usually comes after action, not before it.

Once you start moving, your brain catches up. Mood improves. Motivation rises. The “I can do this” feeling shows up because you’re already doing it.

So don’t wait to feel ready. Start with the smallest possible movement in the right direction.

A five-minute walk around the block beats the hour-long power walk you never do.
One set of squats beats the perfect gym session you skip.
Putting your trainers on counts.

Starting matters. The doing comes first. The wanting follows.

2. Self-Compassion Gets You Further Than Self-Criticism

A lot of us grew up believing that self-criticism is discipline. That being hard on yourself is how you “stay on track.”

But it’s not how people actually change.

The guilt-shame spiral keeps you stuck longer than the lapse ever would.

People who maintain progress long-term tend to treat slip-ups like information: “Not ideal, but normal. What happened? What do I need now?” People who get stuck tend to spiral into judgment, and then into “might as well” behavior.

Self-compassion isn’t pretending it didn’t happen. It’s not emotional indulgence. It’s strategic kindness.

It’s treating a lapse like a small mistake, not a personality flaw.
It’s cooperating with your body instead of fighting it.
It’s learning and moving forward without the punishment.

3. Go Slow and Start Messy

January loves a clean slate. Perfect Monday. Total transformation. Brand new life.

Real change does not work like that.

Habits take time. Not days. Not even weeks, sometimes. They take repetition, and the process is inherently gradual. That’s not a character issue. That’s biology.

So if you “crash” after an aggressive restart, it’s not because you’re weak. It’s because you tried to sprint through a process that’s built like a slow walk.

There’s also no perfect starting point. Life doesn’t clear its schedule so you can finally become consistent.

So start messy.

Instead of flipping a switch, try easing back in over five to seven days:

• Monday: add one decent meal

• Wednesday: add a five-minute walk

• Friday: prep breakfast ingredients

Not because you lack ambition, but because you’re practicing. And practice is what makes things feel easier.

Small changes first. Master them. Then add more.

4. Stack It and Build Systems, Not Fresh Starts

When you’re rebuilding habits, don’t start from scratch. Start from what already exists.

You already brush your teeth.
You already make coffee.
You already close your laptop at the end of the day.

Those are automatic behaviors. They’re reliable. So borrow their power.

After you pour coffee, take vitamins.
After you brush your teeth, fill your water bottle.
After you close your laptop, put on walking shoes.

That’s habit stacking, and it works because you’re linking a new behavior to a cue your brain already follows without effort.

And this is the bigger point: systems are what carry you through the weeks when motivation disappears.

The first few days after a break are not about proving commitment. They’re about rebuilding infrastructure.

• buy the ingredients

• put the trainers by the door

• set one alarm

• block 20 minutes for a simple plan

Not glamorous. But this is how the behavior becomes inevitable later.

Stop asking, “What’s my goal?”
Start asking, “What’s my system?”

Goals are a destination. Systems are the thing that gets you there, even when life gets chaotic.

5. Negotiate, Don’t Dominate

Your present self and future self often want different things.

Present you wants comfort, ease, and relief.
Future you wants health, energy, and consistency.

Neither one is wrong. The skill is negotiation, not dominating (as in forcing).

Most January plans are based on domination: present you makes huge promises and tries to force future behavior with willpower.

But willpower depletes. Negotiation is renewable.

Instead of asking, “What should I do?” ask, “What can I agree to consistently, even on a tired week?”

Redefine success:

• not “eat perfectly,” but “protein at breakfast”

• not “exercise more,” but “ten minutes after dinner on weekdays”

• not “drink two liters,” but “fill my bottle each morning”

Find the yes.

Full workout feels impossible? Can you do ten minutes?
Meal prep for the week feels like too much? Can you prep breakfast ingredients tonight?

Keep the agreements small enough to keep. That’s how trust builds.

6. Holiday You Wasn’t Bad You. It Was Contextual You.

One of the most freeing mindset shifts is this:

You didn’t “become undisciplined.”
You adapted to a different context.

December changes everything:

• different schedule

• different food availability

• different social cues

• different stress levels

• different routines

And habits are heavily context-dependent. When the context changes, the behavior often changes with it. That’s not failure. That’s being human.

So instead of punishing yourself for what happened, treat it like what it was: a normal response to different conditions.

Now the conditions are changing again. And your job isn’t to “fix” yourself.

It’s to rebuild the cues:

• having a gym bag ready

• vegetables in the fridge

• a walk planned into your day

• one simple default breakfast

You’re designing an environment that makes the next right choice easier.

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Where to go from here

If I could distill all of this into one principle, it’s this: slow is sustainable.

The version of you who slides back into healthier habits over the next two weeks or months, will get further than the version who tries to be perfect starting tomorrow.

Not because you’re incapable of intensity.
Because intensity in January rarely makes it to March. And because by giving you permission to go slow and gradual, you might surprise yourself by how quickly your new habits are established.

This isn’t about learning a brand-new set of tactics. You already know what helps. You’ve known for years.

This is about implementing it in a way that actually sticks:

• small actions

• kind self-talk

• stacking onto what’s already working

• negotiating instead of demanding

• motion before motivation

• systems over goals

Your January doesn’t need to be transformational.

It just needs to be directional.

One small move toward the person you’re becoming, then another, then another.

That’s how you get there. Not by sprinting from the starting line, but by sliding back in, one gentle step at a time.

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You want to lose it. Desperately, even. You’ve tried multiple times. You know exactly what you need to do.

And yet.

Every time you get started, something happens. You’re doing well, staying consistent, making progress - and then suddenly you’re not. You find yourself eating things you didn’t plan to eat. Skipping the habits you’d committed to. Making choices that directly contradict what you said you wanted.

And you have no idea why.

You beat yourself up for lacking discipline. For being lazy. For not wanting it enough.

But maybe, just maybe, some part of you - a part you’re not consciously aware of - sees weight loss as a threat.

Not a goal. Not an achievement. A threat.

Your conscious mind is saying “yes, I want this.”

Your subconscious is quietly pulling the handbrake, trying to keep you exactly where you are.

On a deep, primal level, losing weight isn’t just about fitting into smaller jeans.

It’s visibility. It’s vulnerability. It’s change. It’s accountability. It’s maintenance you don’t trust yourself to handle.

And your nervous system - operating completely beneath your conscious awareness - is doing exactly what it’s designed to do: protect you from perceived danger.

This is why you self-sabotage right when you’re making progress. Not because you lack willpower. Not because you don’t want it enough.

Because some part of you has decided that staying where you are is safer than getting where you think you want to go.

And until you understand what’s making you feel unsafe, you’ll keep hitting the same invisible wall - wondering why you can’t seem to follow through on something you swear you desperately want.

Why weight loss can feel unsafe (even when you desperately want it)

If weight loss feels threatening to your nervous system, it’s usually for one (or more) of these reasons:

1. You don’t trust yourself to maintain it

Deep down, you might be thinking:

“What if I lose it and just gain it all back?”

“What if I finally get there and can’t keep it up?”

“What if everyone watches me fail... again?”

If your history with weight includes decades of yo-yo dieting, regain, and that crushing disappointment of watching the numbers climb back up, your nervous system learned something: weight loss = temporary. The fall is inevitable.

So the obvious way to avoid that pain?

Don’t lose it in the first place. Stay exactly where you are.

At least here, you’re not setting yourself up for another round of public failure. At least here, no one’s watching you “fall off the wagon” again.

The fear isn’t irrational. You’ve lived it. Multiple times.

Your body remembers every diet that worked until it didn’t. Every time you felt amazing in those smaller clothes until they didn’t fit anymore. Every proud “after” photo that became a painful “before” again.

Maintenance feels like a life sentence of vigilance. Like you’ll have to white-knuckle your way through every meal, every social event, every holiday for the rest of your life just to keep what you worked so hard to achieve.

And that sounds exhausting.

So your nervous system does the maths: temporary success + inevitable regain + personal or public humiliation = let’s just not.

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2. You’re worried about the attention

This one catches people off guard because it doesn’t sound like a weight issue at all.

It sounds like:

“I don’t want people commenting on my body”

“What if people think I’m trying too hard or being vain?”

“I don’t want to deal with questions about what I’m eating”

“What if other people feel bad about themselves around me?”

But your nervous system translates all of that as: visibility might not be safe.

Maybe you’ve spent years being invisible - or at least, feeling like your body helped you stay under the radar. Excess weight can be protective armour in a world that feels judgmental or unsafe.

For some women, being smaller means being seen - and being seen means being vulnerable to critique, comparison, and unwanted attention.

The comments from well-meaning people: “You look amazing! What are you doing?” Translation: they’re watching now. They’re tracking your choices. They’ll notice if you slip up.

The attention from men that might increase. The competitive energy from other women. The questions about your methods. The assumptions people make about who you are now versus who you were before.

None of this is paranoia. For many women, it’s discomfort, learned from experience.

Maybe you lost weight before and people got weird. Maybe someone made an inappropriate comment. Maybe you felt like you were being watched or judged more intensely when you were smaller.

Your body doesn’t want something it associates with exposure.

And for women who’ve experienced any kind of unwanted attention, extra weight can feel like protection. It’s not that you’re choosing to stay heavy - it’s that some part of you believes being smaller makes you more vulnerable to harm.

This isn’t about vanity or willpower. It’s about safety.

3. You’ll lose your excuse

It’s hard to admit it out loud, but if you’re honest, there might be a voice that whispers:

“If I lose the weight and my life doesn’t magically improve, then what?”

“What if I’m still unhappy?”

“What if I lose the weight and I’m still struggling at work / still feeling unfulfilled/still alone?”

Because right now, you can tell yourself: “Once I lose the weight, then I’ll...”

• start dancing

• go for that promotion

• book that beach holiday

• wear those clothes

• feel confident

• be happy

Weight becomes the placeholder explanation for everything that’s not working. And as long as it’s there, you never have to test whether losing it would actually change anything.

If you lose the weight and life doesn’t transform? Then you have to face the uncomfortable truth that maybe the weight wasn’t the problem. Maybe there are deeper issues - relationships, career dissatisfaction, unprocessed emotions - that you’ve been avoiding by focusing on your body.

Your nervous system would rather keep the comfortable story than risk discovering it was wrong.

It’s not that you’re making excuses consciously. It’s that your brain is trying to protect you from potential disappointment. Better to stay where you are with a clear “reason” why things aren’t perfect than to do all that work and discover it wasn’t the fix you hoped for.

4. You’ve never seen or experienced it done sustainably

If the weight loss you’ve witnessed - in your own life or around you - has been:

• all or nothing

• restrictive and miserable

• followed by inevitable regain

• achieved through extreme measures

• accompanied by obsession and stress

Then “staying thin” doesn’t register as peaceful or achievable. It registers as a constant battle.

Your nervous system doesn’t want something that requires endless warfare with your own body.

Maybe every thin woman you know seems to struggle with food. Maybe you’ve watched friends maintain their weight through methods that look exhausting or unhealthy. Maybe you’ve never seen someone lose weight and actually seem... relaxed about it.

If you’ve only seen weight maintenance achieved through rigid control, deprivation, or anxiety, why would your body want to sign up for that?

A better reframe

You don’t make weight loss feel safe by just “wanting it more” or doing more affirmations.

You make weight loss feel safe by proving (slowly and consistently) that you are capable enough to handle it.

Your nervous system trusts evidence, not intentions.

The way through is by building trust with yourself around weight loss - the kind of trust that makes maintaining it feel possible instead of terrifying.

1. Identify and change your learned food relationships

You think weight loss is about willpower or discipline. But often, it’s about unlearning decades of emotional conditioning.

Your relationship with food wasn’t built in a day. It was built in thousands of tiny moments across your entire life.

You learned that food soothes boredom. That it calms overwhelm. That it celebrates success and cushions failure. That it fills the awkward silence at social events. That it’s the reward after a hard day.

These aren’t character flaws. These are learned associations - neural pathways your brain built because they worked.

Food genuinely did make you feel better in those moments. It genuinely did solve the problem of boredom or stress or loneliness, even if temporarily.

Your brain logged that pattern: discomfort → food → relief.

Now, when you try to lose weight, you’re not just changing what you eat. You’re dismantling a support system your brain has relied on for years, maybe decades.

No wonder it feels threatening.

You’re asking your nervous system to give up a tool it uses to regulate your emotions, without necessarily providing a replacement.

That’s why “just stop eating when you’re not hungry” doesn’t work. Your brain isn’t eating because of hunger. It’s eating because you’re anxious, or bored, or celebrating, or processing grief, or avoiding a difficult conversation.

The work isn’t just learning portion control. The work is consciously identifying every situation where you’ve learned to use food for something other than nourishment - and slowly, deliberately building new responses.

This feels dangerous to your nervous system because you’re removing a coping mechanism before you’ve fully established the replacement.

It’s like asking someone to let go of a rope before they’ve grabbed the new one.

Your brain sees this and thinks: “If we don’t have food to manage these feelings, how will we survive them?”

The answer is: you learn other ways. But that learning period? It’s uncomfortable. It’s vulnerable. It requires you to feel things you’ve been using food to avoid feeling.

This is why weight loss can feel so threatening, even when you logically want it.

You’re not just changing your body. You’re changing how you cope with being human.

And until you consciously identify these patterns and build new ones - with patience and self-compassion - your nervous system will keep pulling you back to food because that’s the tool it knows works.

The transformation isn’t just physical. It’s psychological. And it requires you to get honest about what food has been doing for you besides providing nutrition.

That honesty can be uncomfortable. But it’s also where real, sustainable change begins.

2. Build new habits before you focus on the scale

Here’s the approach women often miss: trying to lose weight before you’ve become the person who naturally does the things that maintain it.

You jump straight to restriction, to deficit, to “weight loss mode” - without first establishing the identity of someone who takes care of their body.

If you’ve never successfully maintained weight loss, it’s likely because you were trying to force behaviours that didn’t match who you actually were (and eventually, when you stopped pushing, you reverted to your normal).

You were acting like someone on a diet. Not becoming someone who lives differently.

The shift is subtle, but important: stop trying to lose weight. Start trying to become someone who prioritises their health.

Not “I’m trying to lose 30 pounds.”

But “I’m becoming someone who eats protein at breakfast. Who moves their body regularly. Who drinks water. Who gets enough sleep.”

These sound like small, unsexy goals compared to dramatic weight loss. But this is how you actually transform.

You introduce one habit. You practice it until it feels normal - not something you’re forcing, but something that’s just what you do now. Then you add another.

Maybe you start with protein at breakfast. Just that. For a month or two.

Not because it will make you lose weight immediately. But because you’re teaching your brain: “This is who I am now. I’m someone who eats protein at breakfast.”

Once that’s automatic? You add the next thing. Maybe it’s a 20-minute walk most days. Or drinking water before lunch. Or going to bed by 10:30pm.

Each habit you integrate changes your identity a little bit more.

You’re not dieting. You’re not restricting. You’re not in some temporary “weight loss phase.”

You’re becoming someone different. Someone who makes choices that support their body.

And when that’s your identity - when these behaviours are just who you are, not what you’re forcing yourself to do - the weight takes care of itself.

Your nervous system needs to see evidence that you can maintain these habits when life gets hard, when you’re stressed, when things aren’t perfect.

Not for a week. Not even for a month. For months. Until it becomes obvious: “Oh, this is just what we do now.”

This is the capacity building that matters. Not capacity to eat less. Capacity to be someone who lives differently.

The focus shifts from “How do I lose weight?” to “How do I feel good in my body? How do I support my health?”

And suddenly, weight loss stops being this terrifying mountain you have to climb and instead becomes a natural side effect of being someone who takes care of themselves.

You’re not trying to maintain weight loss anymore. You’re maintaining a lifestyle. An identity.

That’s sustainable. That doesn’t require white-knuckling or perfection.

When someone who prioritises protein has a day where they don’t? They just get back to it. Because that’s who they are. Not someone on a diet who “fell off.”

This is the transformation that makes everything else possible: shifting from trying to lose weight to becoming someone who naturally does the things that create a healthy weight.

The weight becomes almost... incidental. A side effect of being who you are, not something you’re constantly fighting to control.

3. Practice being visible now

If attention is what scares you, start building that muscle before you lose weight.

This might look like:

• Posting that photo you’ve been avoiding

• Wearing the outfit you’ve been saving for “when you’re thinner”

• Speaking up in the meeting instead of staying quiet

• Going to the social event instead of hiding at home

• Saying no to something without using your weight as the reason

You don’t have to wait until you’re thin to practice being seen.

In fact, practising visibility at your current size builds tremendous resilience. You learn: “I can handle attention. I can handle judgment. I can exist in the world and be okay.”

Then when weight loss happens, you’re not dealing with visibility for the first time - you’ve already built that strength.

Your nervous system learns: “Being seen doesn’t destroy me.”

4. Find your real reasons

If you’ve been using weight as the explanation for everything, you need to get honest about what else needs attention.

This isn’t about minimising the impact of weight. Losing weight can improve your life in real, measurable ways - health, mobility, confidence, energy.

But if you’re avoiding your career dissatisfaction, your relationship issues, or your deeper unhappiness by focusing solely on weight, no amount of weight loss will fix that.

Before you lose the weight, ask yourself: What else needs to change?

Make a list of the things you’re waiting to do “when you’re thinner.” Then ask: Which of these could I start now?

Maybe not all of them. But some of them.

Because here’s what happens when you start addressing the real issues before you lose weight:

1. You prove to yourself you’re capable of change

2. You remove some of the magical thinking around weight loss

3. You discover what weight loss will actually change (and what it won’t)

This makes weight loss feel less like your one shot at happiness and more like one piece of a larger life transformation.

When your whole life isn’t riding on the number on the scale, the stakes feel lower. Paradoxically, this often makes it easier to actually lose the weight.

5. Build actual maintenance skills during weight loss

Most diet plans teach you how to be “on the diet.” They don’t teach you how to live after.

Your weight loss phase should be practice for maintenance.

This means:

• Learning to eat foods you actually enjoy in portions that work

• Building in flexibility and treats from the start

• Practising recovery after overeating (not spiralling)

• Developing non-food coping strategies

• Creating sustainable movement habits

• Learning to manage hunger and cravings without white-knuckling

If your weight loss plan looks nothing like how you want to live long-term, your nervous system is right to resist it.

Every time you successfully navigate a challenging food situation during weight loss, you’re building evidence: “I can handle this. I know what to do.”

That’s the skill set that makes maintenance possible - not willpower, not restriction, not perfection.

6. Reframe “keeping it up” as “keep adjusting”

The phrase “keeping it up” makes maintenance sound like holding a heavy weight above your head indefinitely.

Exhausting just thinking about it.

Maintenance isn’t keeping everything rigid. It’s staying responsive.

Some weeks you’ll eat more, some less. Some months you’ll gain a pound or two, then naturally lose it again. Your weight will fluctuate within a healthy range - that’s normal, not failure.

Maintenance is about having a set of tools and using them when you need them. It’s not about perfection. It’s about adjustment.

When you notice your jeans getting tighter? You pull back a bit. When you notice you’re getting too restrictive? You ease up.

This is how naturally thin people maintain their weight - through small, ongoing adjustments. Not through rigid adherence to a perfect plan.

Your nervous system needs to hear: Maintenance is active management, not passive perfection.

You’re not trying to reach a number and freeze there forever, terrified to move. You’re learning to dance within a healthy range.

Losing weight is one thing.

But feeling safe in a smaller body - trusting yourself to maintain it, handle the attention, live fully in it - that’s an entirely different skill set.

And if your nervous system doesn’t trust you with that, it will always find ways to pull you back to what feels familiar and safe.

Even if familiar and safe means staying stuck.

This is why so many women self-sabotage right when they’re about to reach their goal. It’s not weakness. It’s not lack of willpower.

It’s your nervous system hitting the emergency brake because it doesn’t feel safe going any further.

Your body isn’t trying to ruin your life. It’s trying to keep you safe.

The solution isn’t to override it or push harder. The solution is to build actual safety - the kind that comes from evidence, skills, and practice.

An unpopular opinion: You need to fail better before you can succeed differently

Most weight loss advice treats previous failures like they’re irrelevant. “This time will be different!” they promise.

But your nervous system remembers. Every. Single. Time.

You can’t just pretend those failures didn’t happen. You have to actually address what they taught your body about weight loss.

Those failures taught your nervous system: “Weight loss isn’t safe. We can’t maintain it. Everyone watches us fail.”

Until you deliberately create different evidence, your nervous system will keep operating from that old data.

This means:

• Losing smaller amounts you can actually maintain

• Celebrating maintenance as much as loss

• Practising recovery from setbacks without abandoning everything

• Building skills during the process, not just losing weight

• Being visible and vulnerable before you reach your goal

You’re not just losing weight. You’re rewriting the story your body tells itself about what happens when you lose weight.

And that requires a completely different approach than “eat less, move more.”

Let’s talk about self-sabotage

Self-sabotage isn’t moral failure.

It’s your nervous system doing exactly what it’s designed to do: keep you in the zone where it thinks you’re safe.

When you start losing weight and suddenly find yourself “accidentally” overeating, or “forgetting” your goals, or convincing yourself you don’t really care anymore - that’s not weakness. That’s your protective system activating.

It sees you moving toward something that feels threatening (for all the reasons we’ve covered) and it pulls you back.

The solution isn’t to shame yourself or push harder. The solution is to move slowly enough that your nervous system can recalibrate what “safe” means.

This is why slow weight loss often lasts longer than rapid weight loss. Not because it’s physiologically superior (though that’s part of it), but because it gives your nervous system time to adjust.

You’re not just changing your body. You’re changing your body’s sense of what’s safe.

That takes time. And patience. And a lot more self-compassion than most diet plans include.

Not everyone struggles with this (you might not)

This psychological barrier thing isn’t universal.

Some women want to lose weight, they do it, they maintain it, and they never once question whether they can handle being thin or worry about the attention. Others struggle, but not because they are scared of the end result, but because the process is hard, staying consistent and working against hunger cues is hard. Changing ingrained patterns and learned practices is hard.

If that’s you - brilliant. This article probably felt irrelevant.

But if you’ve found yourself mysteriously sabotaging every time you get close to your goal... if you’ve lost and regained the same weight multiple times... if the thought of being thin creates weird anxiety alongside the excitement...

This might be worth examining.

Because sometimes the barrier isn’t what you’re eating or how much you’re moving.

Sometimes the barrier is that some part of you has decided that staying where you are is safer than getting where you say you want to go.

And until you address that - until you build actual evidence that you can handle being thinner, that visibility is survivable, that maintenance is possible, that your life will be okay either way - you might keep finding ways to stay stuck.

Not because you’re broken or weak. Because you’re protected.

The work is learning you don’t need that protection anymore.

Where to start

If any of this resonated, here’s what I’d suggest:

First, just acknowledge it. Stop beating yourself up for self-sabotaging and start getting curious about what’s making you feel unsafe.

Second, pick one small area to build evidence. Maybe it’s maintaining a 5-pound loss for a few months. Maybe it’s practising being more visible now. Maybe it’s addressing one of the life issues you’ve been blaming on your weight.

Third, make your weight loss plan look more like your ideal maintenance. Stop treating them as two completely different things. If your weight loss method is miserable, your nervous system is right to resist it.

Fourth, be patient with yourself. You’re not just losing weight. You’re teaching your body that change is safe. That takes time.

And if you’re still struggling, consider whether you need support. Sometimes we need someone outside our own head to help us see these patterns and create a way forward.

Your body resisting weight loss doesn’t mean you can’t lose weight.

It just means you need to address the resistance alongside the nutrition and movement.

Both matter. Both are real. Both deserve attention.

The weight loss that lasts isn’t the one you force your body into despite its resistance.

It’s the one you build together - where your conscious goals and your nervous system’s needs finally align.

That’s when change becomes sustainable.

That’s when you can actually find your happy weight and keep it - because living there, no longer feels like war.

It sounds reasonable. A goal, a deadline, a finish line - something to work towards. But hidden inside that sentence is a problem most of us never question: we’re placing a time constraint on something we simply cannot control.

We think that putting a goal in front of us will get us motivated to achieve it, but when that goal is tied to a time frame or a rate of weight loss, it is likely doing you more harm than good.

I want to try and convince you that by letting go of the concept of time frames when it comes to weight loss, you are more likely to achieve your goals and then maintain your achievements.

You can control your behaviours. You can control what you eat, how often you move, whether you get to bed on time or how you manage your stress. But you cannot control how your physiology will respond to those behaviours. You cannot dictate the pace at which your body decides to release stored fat. And that single fact unravels the entire logic of deadline-based goals.

Our body has its own priorities - shaped by millions of years of evolution that kept our ancestors alive in unpredictable environments. It’s designed to conserve energy, not to sprint towards a holiday date on our calendar. So when you attach a deadline to weight loss, what you’re really doing is tying your sense of success or failure to a process that isn’t fully in your control.

And that is a perfect recipe for frustration, discouragement, and unfortunately, very often, quitting.

Why Timelines Backfire

Instead of seeing weight loss as a neat transaction: eat less, burn fat, watch the scale drop, it’s useful to understand the biological realities that make it anything but linear. Not to discourage you, but to show you why timelines don’t necessarily map onto this process.

Here are the main reasons:

1. Early weight loss is mostly water, not fat.

In the first couple of weeks of any dietary change, glycogen stores drop, water follows, and the scale moves quickly. This is the so-called “whoosh,” and although it feels exciting, it’s not a reliable indicator of actual fat loss. Once that initial phase passes, you enter what researchers call the slow phase, where real fat loss happens. And it happens at a pace your body regulates, not a pace you set.

This is where we often panic. We expect the early rapid drop to continue, and when it doesn’t, we assume something is wrong. But nothing is wrong. The process is working exactly as human bodies have always worked. Your body needs to feel fed, nourished and safe to release weight in a healthy way and adjust to a new reality. That often means ups and downs, adjustments and variance until it settles at a new baseline.

2. Plateaus are not failures. They are rehearsals for maintenance.

Plateaus, when the scale doesn’t move, often make us feel like we are stuck. When we tied our weight loss to a specific time frame or time goal, a plateau feels like the process is not working and is holding us back from reaching our objectives. It then often drives us to push harder, go to extremes and then often bounce to the other end and give up.

There will be weeks when the scale doesn’t move. Instead of seeing it as a sign of stagnation, look at it as a sign of stability. Your body is practising how to maintain a lower weight. If it couldn’t plateau, your long-term success would be impossible. The very mechanism that frustrates you now is the mechanism that keeps weight off later.

I invite you to reframe the concept of plateaus: instead of an obstacle, they become evidence that your physiology is adjusting and learning and that you will be able to stay at a consistent weight, once you have reached your goal.

A plateau is just your body practising maintenance, what a great reassuring and a wonderful way to celebrate what it’s doing instead of getting upset and triggered by it.

3. Your body has a built-in regulatory system known as a set point.

When you lose weight, your metabolism adapts in predictable ways. Energy expenditure drops, hunger hormones shift, and your body works harder to extract calories from the food you eat. These changes are not signs of personal failure. They’re a survival mechanism.

This is a major reason why, in many long-term studies, more than half of lost weight is typically regained within two years and over 80 percent within five. The body actively defends its previous state until new habits become deeply ingrained and consistently repeated.

Seen through this lens, the idea of forcing a specific timeframe becomes even more unrealistic. You’re not just losing weight. You’re negotiating with millions of years of biology and helping your body adjust to a new reality, one in which it doesn’t need all that weight it has learned to carry and work with. It takes time.

4. Aggressive deadlines push you into strategies that backfire.

When you are under the pressure of meeting a deadline, you often respond by eating less, exercising more, dieting harder, or cutting out food groups. These extreme approaches may produce faster results but they increase metabolic adaptation and make regain more likely. What looks like discipline is often physiology being backed into a corner, and it will push back. The likelihood that you will be able to maintain those extremes in the long run is lower and usually unhealthy. A slower, consistent healthier and balanced approach is so much more likely to be there for you, forever and to support you in staying at a healthy weight for good, not just by Summer.

5. The classic calorie maths doesn’t necessarily hold up over time.

There is an equation floating around that a 500-calorie daily deficit equals one pound lost per week. In real life, the body adjusts too quickly for this to always stay true. Identical plans produce wildly different results depending on factors like age, sex, genetics, sleep, hormones, stress, previous dieting history, and body composition. When you set a time-bound goal, you’re assuming a rate of loss that may not be physiologically available to you.

Timelines imply uniformity. Biology is anything but.

6. Deadlines create a start-and-stop mentality, which is the opposite of lasting change.

A date-based goal frames weight loss as a temporary project. Something you do until you’re finished. But if the way you eat, move, rest, and care for yourself is meant to support lifelong weight stability, then it cannot be temporary. It has to become a new way of living that feels natural, not forced. One that’s easy to maintain.

When we look at it as a time bound effort, with a finish line, we tend to adopt an all or nothing approach. I will do this while I am in this ‘project’, but as soon as I am not - everything is allowed. This leads to looking at missteps and times when you are not perfect as ruining the whole effort and making it useless (’I will never meet that deadline now, so I might as well go all out and give up’) and works against long term change.

This is why deadlines are not just unhelpful - they actively pull you away from the very process that creates sustainable change.

Transformation Doesn’t Happen in a Day

If you’ve carried extra weight for years, what you’re doing is not simply losing weight. You are transforming and becoming a new person. That may sound like a big promise, but I believe it with all my heart. The person who gained or carried that weight for years is not the same person who will release it for good.

For the weight to truly be off for good - a lot of things need to truly change. Habits shift. Identity shifts. Self perception shifts. Your relationship with food, movement, stress, rest, pleasure, and reward changes. These shifts don’t happen quickly, and they definitely don’t happen on schedule. They require trial and error, learning, setbacks, recalibration, and practice. They take time.

When you box yourself into a deadline, you cheat yourself out of the time and space needed for these deeper changes to unfold. You end up optimising for speed rather than permanence. The result is then that even if you have managed to successfully lose the weight, you might very soon find yourself gaining it again.

If Not Timelines, Then What?

Weight loss is a long journey and you do need something to aim for or focus on. You can still have structure, progress, clarity, and goals. They just need to be rooted in what you can control.

Behaviours over outcomes

Swap “lose 10 kilos (22 pounds) in 12 weeks” for “eat protein at every meal for the next 30 days” or “go for a walk every day”, “go to the gym at least once a week”. The first is completely beyond your control, all the others you get to influence.

Process markers over scale markers

How well you sleep, how much energy you have, how is your mood, cravings, clothes, digestion - all of these often shift before the scale does and are much more predictive of long-term success (and more important! If you are feeling so much better, that’s more beneficial than achieving a number on the scale).

Consistency over intensity

Research on long-term maintenance shows that sustainable habits, not rapid loss, determine who keeps weight off. Focus on maintaining repeatable habits instead of a moving number on the scale.

Short time blocks focused on behaviour

Instead of “By December I’ll be X kilos,” think “Over the next four weeks, I’ll build these three habits.” You can stack these blocks indefinitely. Each one is achievable and builds on the last.

This approach isn’t about lowering your ambition. It’s about placing it where it actually matters - on the things that mark consistent change, not a temporary number that can fluctuate any day.

The Long Game

Here’s the somewhat uncomfortable truth: losing a significant amount of weight can take years. Yes, years.

Not because you’re failing. Not because something’s wrong. But because it likely took years to get here, and undoing it - properly, sustainably, while becoming the person who can keep the weight off, also takes time.

We’re conditioned to expect the reverse (losing the weight) to happen quickly because this time around it’s intentional. Because we’re “trying.” Because effort should equal speed.

But your body doesn’t care about your intentions. It cares about survival. And it will release stored energy at its own pace, in its own time, regardless of how much you want it to hurry.

To be able to succeed long-term you need to make peace with this. To stop treating your journey as a race and start treating it as a practice. To measure progress in habits built and insights gained, not just kilos lost. Not because the weight loss doesn’t matter, or because you are ignoring the reason you have set on this journey. Because your goals won’t be achieved without fully accepting this as a new way of life.

When you remove that random deadline or timeframe, something interesting happens. The pressure lifts. The all-or-nothing thinking fades. A “slow” week stops feeling like failure and starts feeling like... a week. One of many. Part of a longer process that will unfold however it unfolds.

You stop asking “am I there yet?” and start asking “am I moving in the right direction?”

And that question is not only kinder. It’s much more effective.

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And yet, even in this dip, I still manage to show up for the basics. I take my daily walks. I get some form of resistance training in. I mostly nourish myself in the way I know helps me feel grounded. Let’s make it very clear: none of it is perfect. The walks are slower and more about clearing my head or catching up with a friend. The gym often feels like a simple check box. My eating gets a bit looser, and I lean on food for comfort more than I’d like.

But even with all that, the core habits seem to hold. Not because of discipline, guilt, or forcing myself into shoulds. Because someway during this journey I started seeing myself differently. That slowly acquired identity gives shape to my choices, even when my motivation wanes. Somewhere on the journey I adopted the view that every small action, no matter how little, how ‘inadequate’, or lacking short of what ‘it should be’ is a vote for the person I’m in the process of becoming. And that, more than anything, is why some habits survive the hard seasons whilst others fall away.

I’m not sharing this to brag. God knows it’s still a struggle, and it was never ever easy in the past (it still isn’t). I’m sharing it because, after years of yo-yo dieting, of losing then gaining the weight, after adopting new habits, only to at some point give up and slowly return to square one (or worse) whenever life got hard, two things finally made a difference: prioritising consistency over perfection and building a new identity, one habit at a time.

Psychology has a name for this: identity based motivation. And understanding it has changed how I approach not just weight loss, but any behaviour change I want to sustain.

Most of us start a health or weight loss journey with a target. Lose 20 pounds, lose 5 kg. Drop two sizes. Fit into the jeans. Look great at that wedding. Hit a healthier cholesterol number. We have a clear ‘after’ picture and use it to fuel our efforts.

Research calls this outcome based motivation. It makes sense on paper, but studies show it has a hidden flaw. When your drive is tied to a specific result, your motivation can become shaky the moment that result feels uncertain. Some people can push through regardless, but for many of us, the second a challenge appears, the goal feels further away. Progress slows. You might hit a plateau. Or life becomes more stressful and your emotional state changes. Life shifts and your routine becomes harder to maintain. Suddenly the effort feels pointless and old habits feel easier.

I’ve been there more times than I can count. You work hard, eat well, move your body, and for a while it clicks. Then, out of nowhere, it doesn’t. The scale won’t budge, the routine feels heavy, and the distance between where you are and where you want to be feels wider, not narrower. That’s usually when we quit.

And it’s not just anecdotal. Research consistently shows that people motivated mainly by weight loss, weight control or fluctuating emotions (today I am highly motivated and ready to change! Tomorrow I am depressed, tired and couldn’t care less) have poorer adherence to their health plans. Even when their health markers improve, or they see progress, they tend to abandon the process because they haven’t hit the target yet. As humans, we tend to ignore progress and focus only on the gap, where we fell short.

There’s another issue with relying on goals and willpower: it’s exhausting. Change requires both motivation and cognitive resources. Motivation is the desire to change, the will. Executive function is the mental capacity to plan and follow through, the way. Both are limited, and both drop dramatically when you’re stressed, tired, overworked, or overwhelmed. If you’re a woman over 40 juggling everything, that means... most of the time.

Surely, there must be a better way. And studies show there is: identity-based motivation.

Identity-based motivation flips the question from “What do I want to achieve?” to “Who do I want to become?”

Instead of “I want to lose 20 pounds,” you shift to “I am someone who takes care of my health.”

Instead of “I need to exercise more,” you move towards “I am a strong, capable woman who invests in her body.”

This isn’t a woo-woo mantra or a motivational gimmick to get you excited to take action. It has been shown to genuinely change how your brain processes decisions.

When a specific identity becomes active and present in your brain, it shapes the frameworks your brain uses to interpret the world around it. If you identify as someone who moves regularly, choices that fit that identity feel natural. The identity becomes a filter that influences what you notice, how you interpret situations, and the actions that feel aligned with who you are.

If you see yourself as someone who nourishes her body with food that supports her energy and wellbeing, choosing a protein-rich breakfast instead of a pastry isn’t a battle with willpower. It’s simply consistent with who you are. The decision becomes easier, faster, and over time, automatic.

Again, it doesn’t mean from now on you won’t struggle and a chocolate croissant will start feeling revolting, but it means that a lot of the time, and more and more the stronger the identity becomes ingrained, it will just be something you just don’t do. Part of who you are. It will move from a having to fight yourself every single time you are faced with a pastry or the need to go to the gym, to being the occasional off day struggle or a specific cravings, you will be happy to indulge (or resist).

Identity-Based Motivation theory shows that when an identity is salient (actively present in your mind), your brain starts to rely on cognitive shortcuts rather than slow deliberation. Your brain understands, “This is who I am, so this is what I do,” and moves on.

Research on habits and self-concept supports this. When behaviours become integrated into your sense of self, the brain processes them more efficiently. The decision pathway becomes faster and requires less conscious deliberation. You’re not fighting against your default state - you’re operating from it.

So what does this mean for us? A smoother, less exhausting path. One that doesn’t rely on constant pep talks and willpower highs and instead goes much more smoothly and effortlessly.

Why Identity Based Motivation Works Better Than Goal-Based Motivation

Having goals is great and i am not suggesting ignoring them completely. But i would recommend layering them on top of the more fundamental adopted identity. And here is why:

1. Identity Based Motivation Creates Self-Sustaining Motivation

When a behaviour is linked to identity, your motivation becomes internal. You’re not exercising to hit a number or eating well to meet a short-term target. You’re doing it because it reflects who you are.

This kind of motivation persists through plateaus, setbacks, holidays, busy seasons, and bad weeks. Your identity doesn’t vanish just because the scale hasn’t moved.

Studies on dietary adherence found that people with high self-efficacy (the belief they can carry out their eating pattern daily and be successful at it) and strong identification with their dietary approach, were the ones who stuck to their habits long-term. Those driven mainly by the wish to lose or maintain their weight, without that sense of capability or identity, were far more likely to abandon their dietary pattern.

2. Identity Based Motivation Reduces the Willpower Tax

When healthy behaviours become part of your self-concept, your brain processes them through something called ‘self-schemas’. These are mental structures that store your core beliefs and behavioural patterns. Research shows that when something fits your self-schema, you process it faster and remember it more strongly. The brain essentially labels it as important and self-relevant.

When it comes to our brain, this efficiency matters. Self-schemas enable what psychologists call preconscious processing - your brain can access and act on this information quickly, without requiring the slow, effortful deliberation that drains your limited executive function. Read this as ‘the endless deliberation of should i go to the gym this morning, or maybe this evening, or is it too cold to go at all, over and over and over”.

This is why, when you identify as someone who exercises, the decision to go doesn’t require a debate. The choice has already been made at the identity level. You’re preserving your cognitive resources for decisions that actually need them. Which translates to an easier, more seamless experience and means you are more likely to persevere.

3. Identity Based Motivation Uses Cognitive Dissonance to Keep You on Track

Humans are wired to seek alignment between beliefs and actions. When they clash, you experience cognitive dissonance - an uncomfortable psychological state that motivates you to resolve the inconsistency.

When your identity is strong, your brain resolves this dissonance by nudging your behaviour back into alignment. If you see yourself as someone who values strength and movement, a week without workouts doesn’t create guilt or self criticism. It brings a subtle inherent sense that something is off. Not a shove, but a quiet internal signal that grows until you realign.

Goal-based motivation doesn’t create that same internal pressure. You can postpone action with “I’ll start Monday” because nothing fundamental about your self-concept is being contradicted, and your brain actually prefers you postpone, because it tends to go for the familiar habits that feel automatic and easy.

The Practical Beauty of Identity Based Motivation

The magic of this, if I can call it magic, is that every aligned action you take becomes evidence for the identity you’re building.

One workout isn’t an attempt to burn the calories from last night’s pizza. It’s a vote for “I am someone who invests in my body.”

One nourishing meal isn’t about making sure I meet my macros today. It’s a vote for “I am someone who takes care of herself.”

No single vote transforms you. But votes accumulate and they form into patterns. And your brain updates its story about who you are. Your identity strengthens, which makes action easier, which strengthens your identity further. It becomes a positive feedback loop.

Research confirms this: The more people engage with consistently performing certain behaviours, the more people infer that these actions are important and integral to who they are. One builds the other. Identity drives consistent action, and consistent action provides self-evidence, which exponentially solidifies the identity. Each behaviour that aligns with your chosen identity becomes increasingly automatic and effortless over time.

What This Looks Like in Real Life

You will still have off weeks. Days where everything feels like maintenance. Walks that feel slow. Workouts that are just boxes ticked, where you go to the gym, but leave half way through. Or you stay the duration doing a half-arsed effort, just to say you did it. You will make less than ideal choices and eat meals that are more indulgent than ideal.

But your consistency will still count. You will know that you are still casting votes. Your actions and behaviours are still reinforcing the identity you’re building.

Some days you’ll want to stay in bed or eat the cake. And sometimes you will. But as your identity becomes stronger, you’ll feel that internal nudge: this isn’t like me. Not guilt. Not shame. Just a gentle reminder of who you’re becoming and it would help you make better choices more often than less optimal ones. The balance will shift.

And that identity is what will help you keep showing up, even when motivation suddenly evaporates. It’s a sort of resilience that identity-based motivation provides.

These days, I think of it as a buffer between a short tough period when I am less motivated and giving up completely going back to old habits or ‘all out’. Yes, my choices might not be taking me forward, I might not be losing weight or maintaining it or even really building new strength or achieving personal records. Heck, maybe i am gaining weight and losing muscle, for a while. But Identity motivation keeps the slope moderate instead of slippery. I might slip a little bit, but I won’t go all the way down the slide.

And the real magic is that when you maintain your non negotiables, you go for your walks, you train, you keep focusing on nourishing your body - even if you are not optimal in your choices, it creates a movement forward. It makes you feel good, it creates motivation and one morning you wake up and you have the energy to do a little bit more. You go for a walk but feel good enough to jog. You go to the gym to get it over with, and suddenly you have an amazing session where you feel inspired to do more. Your motivation builds right back up.

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Where to Start

If this resonates, start with a simple question: when I imagine my future self, Who do I want to become?

Not what do you want to lose, by when etc. Who do you want to be?

I am someone who values strength. Nourishes my body well. Moves regularly. Takes care of my health. Respects my body’s needs.

Use the present tense. You’re not waiting to become this person after the weight comes off. You become this person through your daily behaviours and votes.

Then choose small, doable habits that support that identity. Each habit is evidence. Evidence becomes identity. Identity becomes consistency. Before you know it, it’s just something you do. Almost, dare I say, easy and effortless. Certainly easier and requiring less struggle than before.

I will do a separate post on what the science says about how to build successful identity-based habits, but for now:

Who do you see yourself as? Who do you want to become?

That’s where sustainable change truly begins.

The “struggling” version avoids dairy because inflammation, skips eggs because cholesterol, drinks orange juice because it’s natural. The “winning” version eats Greek yoghurt for protein, has eggs at breakfast, drinks coffee black.

The point was clear: stop following health trends and focus on protein-rich meals that don’t spike your blood sugar.

And look, I get it. The reel makes a valid point about protein and blood sugar management.

But several of the “health-driven” woman’s concerns were also valid. Dairy can be inflammatory for some people. Red meat consumption in large amounts has been linked to certain cancers. These aren’t just made-up problems.

This is the paradox that drives everyone crazy about nutrition. We’re all searching for the one absolute truth. Is dairy good for me or not? Should I eat oatmeal or not?

When I started studying nutrition, I walked in expecting exactly that - clear answers. One right diet. Definitive guidance on everything.

Turns out, there isn’t one. And expecting to find it sets you up for constant confusion and frustration.

The Reality: Science Won’t Give You Simple Answers

Science is nuanced. Each body is different. Context matters enormously.

This is actually why I fell in love with personalised nutrition during my studies. Different people have different genetics, different susceptibility to various foods, their own individual sensitivities. We are genuinely not all the same in how we process and respond to nutrients.

What we do have are sort of “tipping points” where enough cumulative evidence amounts to clear recommendations. Things like the importance of protein consumption for muscle maintenance. That smoking is definitively bad for you. That the Mediterranean diet consistently shows beneficial health outcomes across populations. Some things have been demonstrated in studies again and again, across different populations and contexts, that they amount to one generally accepted truth - at least so far, until future discoveries potentially tell us otherwise.

But many other nutrition questions are correct only in context. Dairy or gluten might have less than ideal effects on you if you’re allergic, sensitive, or intolerant. But for most people they’re a nutritious and enjoyable food source. Research shows us that two alternative diets can be equally effective in achieving weight loss, but one might be more beneficial for blood pressure and cholesterol whilst the other isn’t.

I know that’s not what you want to hear. It would be so much easier if someone could just hand us a list of “always eat this” and “never eat that.” But the truth is that most nutrition questions don’t have a single answer.

So how do we approach various claims? Where do you start thinking about what’s right for you?

Start With Your Goal

When you see a nutrition claim - whether it’s on Instagram, in a research study, or from your doctor - ask yourself what you’re actually trying to achieve through this nutrition choice.

Are you optimising for longevity, meaning living as long as possible in good health? Are you focused on performance, wanting to achieve the best athletic outcomes, be the fastest or strongest? Are you pursuing weight loss - and if so, are you after the quickest results, the most dramatic transformation, or something actually doable and maintainable? Or are you simply aiming to be healthier and feel better day-to-day?

These goals seem like they should converge, but research shows they often don’t. Extreme calorie restriction, for instance, has shown lifespan extension in some animal studies, but it doesn’t help you function well as a human living your actual life today. What optimises for one goal might not serve another equally well.

Take intermittent fasting as an example. If you’re asking “is intermittent fasting good for me?”, the answer depends entirely on what you’re trying to achieve. Research shows it can improve insulin sensitivity and support autophagy (the body’s cellular cleanup process), which are beneficial for metabolic health and potentially longevity. But if you’re a perimenopausal woman already dealing with disrupted cortisol patterns and trying to build muscle, extended fasting periods might actually work against you by elevating stress hormones and making it harder to get adequate protein for muscle maintenance. Same intervention, completely different outcomes depending on who you are and what you’re optimising for.

So when you see a claim about a food or strategy and you’re wondering if it applies to you, ask yourself: this suggested strategy is great for what? In what cases might it be harmful? Through which lens am I looking at this, and through which lens is the person making the claim looking at this?

Who You Are Matters

A woman in menopause needs different nutrition support than a pregnant woman. Someone training for a marathon has different requirements than someone managing an autoimmune condition.

This goes deeper than life stage. Your genetic makeup creates personalised variation in how you process nutrients. Some people need more of certain nutrients to support their genetic pathways. Others need less. One size genuinely doesn’t fit all.

Two Things Can Work Equally Well - What Works Better for You?

We have solid evidence that both high-carb, low-fat diets and high-fat, low-carb diets can lead to equal success in weight loss. One is not inherently better than the other. Our body is a dual-engine machine that’s highly adaptive to various dietary approaches. Both can work equally well.

Which means instead of asking yourself “which diet is better?” or “what should I be eating to lose weight?”, the better questions become: What can I sustain long-term? What do I actually enjoy more? If I extend the framework beyond just weight loss, what am I potentially missing by choosing one approach over another - fibre, protein, certain micronutrients? If I’m perimenopausal, which nutritional choices can better support my hormonal shifts? How does this align with my specific goals?

The All-Or-Nothing Problem

Most nutrition content you see online is presented as black and white because nuanced discussions don’t grab attention in a three-second scroll.

“Cortisol is making you fat” gets more engagement than “cortisol functions in complex ways and under certain circumstances might impact your weight loss efforts.”

It’s not that the simple version is a lie. It’s just not the whole story and, well, it depends.

To position themselves competitively, creators often discount other valid claims entirely. They pick one angle and make it the be-all-end-all of nutrition. But our body is a complex system. Most health outcomes are multifactorial - meaning multiple factors contribute to them. Reducing everything to one cause and one outcome, without acknowledging the context and complexity, creates false certainty.

Our bodies are also remarkably adaptive and flexible. Claims like “red meat consumption causes cancer” create unnecessary alarm and miss important nuance. What we actually have is statistical evidence that high consumption of processed and red meat is correlated with increased colorectal cancer risk. But correlation isn’t causation, dose matters enormously, preparation methods matter (grilled versus slow-cooked makes a difference), individual context matters, and many different dietary approaches can lead to good health outcomes.

Some things we know are clearly harmful - smoking, for instance. Others are dose-dependent, vary by person and situation, and exist in shades of grey. Meat can be an excellent source of complete protein, provide a variety of amino acids and nutrient density, and also show correlation with certain cancer risks when consumed in large amounts, particularly in processed forms. Both things can be true.

When Individual Context Overrides General Advice

Take the dairy and gluten example. Yes, they can be inflammatory. Yes, they can affect gut lining. For some people, removing them from their diets dramatically improves health, reduces inflammation, and can support fat loss.

Does that mean no one should eat dairy or gluten?

I don’t think so. Dairy provides protein, calcium, and various B vitamins. In yoghurt or kefir form, it’s fermented and supports your gut microbiome. In its whole form, it’s nutrient-dense and for most people, a wonderful food to include.

But if you’re experiencing specific symptoms or conditions where dairy triggers inflammation - maybe you notice bloating, skin issues, or digestive discomfort after consuming it - removing it might be exactly the right move for you.

The confusion happens when someone experiences benefits and immediately extrapolates: if it’s good for me, it’s good for everyone. Or if it caused problems for me, everyone should avoid it.

Neither is true. Which is why we have science and studies conducted in controlled situations, looking at statistically significant outcomes across populations. Are our methodologies perfect? Absolutely not. Research has limitations, and individual variation is real. But in the absence of a better alternative, this is our best approach for understanding general patterns whilst still acknowledging that you might be an exception to those patterns.

The Dose Makes the Poison (and the Medicine)

If a little is good, more isn’t automatically better.

Small amounts of nicotine have shown cognitive benefits in research studies examining focus and attention. That doesn’t mean you should start smoking - the harm from smoking vastly outweighs any potential cognitive benefit from nicotine. Fasting overnight (say, 12-14 hours between dinner and breakfast) can support metabolic health for many people by giving your digestive system a break and allowing insulin levels to normalise. That doesn’t mean fasting for three days straight will be even better as a regular practice for everyone.

Long-term or extended fasting has been linked to certain health benefits in specific research contexts - like its impact on cancer cell growth in particular laboratory or clinical situations. But those studies examining fasting’s effects on cancer cells didn’t simultaneously examine what extended fasting does to your thyroid hormones, cortisol levels, muscle building capacity, or overall wellbeing. All things you might be genuinely interested in preserving in your actual life, which might make long-term fasting a less than ideal choice for you, even if it shows promise in one specific area.

This is why the lens through which you’re looking at things matters. You can’t make broad decisions based on one isolated finding, or even five findings looking at one specific outcome.

The Headlines Reported in Media

“Chocolate is good for you - it has antioxidants!”

“Chocolate is bad for you - it spikes your blood sugar!”

“Wine is toxic - alcohol damages your body!”

“Wine is healthy - it’s full of polyphenols!”

All of these can be true simultaneously. Wine is made from grapes and contains beneficial compounds like resveratrol and various polyphenols that have antioxidant properties. The alcohol in it is also genuinely toxic to your liver and other organs and hard on your body’s systems. Both things exist at the same time.

The question then becomes about context. You can get those same antioxidants from better sources than wine - directly from grapes, berries, or other antioxidant-rich foods, without the toxicity of alcohol. But if you’re enjoying yourself at dinner with friends, having some wine with your meal might be contributing to your joy and social connection, and those are health factors too. The headline though distils things down to one claim that sells and attracts attention, but it’s not a foundation for making thoughtful health decisions.

Life Isn’t Only About Health Optimisation

Alcohol isn’t good for you. The evidence is pretty clear on that.

But if you’re on a date, celebrating something meaningful, and having a glass with dinner brings you genuine joy - the cost to your happiness and wellbeing from rigidly avoiding it might outweigh the minor health impact of an occasional drink.

If finishing eating early supports better digestion and health (which it does - giving your body time to digest before sleep supports better sleep quality and metabolic function), but doing so prevents you from having dinner with family or going out with friends consistently - well, loneliness and social isolation are more strongly correlated with reduced healthspan and earlier mortality than almost anything else we can measure.

When the goal is eating healthy most of the time, but rigidly avoiding treats makes you want them more and prevents any sustainable change - then yes, including sugar or other foods you enjoy from time to time actually serves your larger goal. Because sustainability matters more than perfection.

Some Things We Do Know Almost for Sure (For Now)

Some things have overwhelming evidence and well-understood mechanisms behind them.

Protein is essential for muscle building and maintenance - we understand the mechanism of how amino acids are used to repair and build muscle tissue, and study after study confirms that adequate protein intake supports muscle mass, especially as we age. The variety of plant sources supports gut microbiome health - we know that different types of fibre feed different beneficial bacteria in our gut, and diverse plant intake creates a more resilient, diverse microbiome. The importance of sleep for everything from hormone regulation to cognitive function to immune health is so well-established across thousands of studies that it’s about as close to settled science as we get. How blood sugar variation affects metabolic health, insulin sensitivity, and long-term diabetes risk is extremely well-documented and understood at a mechanistic level.

The research in these areas keeps growing. The mechanisms are understood. The evidence is strong enough to be genuinely useful across most populations.

But even then, how you choose to implement the scientific evidence and adapt it to your life is up to you.

A Better Framework

Instead of looking for strict rules about what to eat and avoid, I’d suggest treating nutrition knowledge as tools in your toolbox. Information that empowers you to make informed choices for your specific situation.

It’s not about never eating oatmeal because it spikes blood sugar. Oatmeal is excellent for many reasons - beyond being tasty, comforting and filling, it’s high in soluble fibre (particularly beta-glucan, which helps lower cholesterol), it provides sustained energy, it’s affordable and versatile, and it supports digestive health. It’s about understanding that adding fat (like nuts or nut butter) and protein (like Greek yoghurt or protein powder) to your oatmeal reduces the glucose spike by slowing digestion, and you can make that choice when it matters to you.

When you understand the mechanisms in your body, you can act on that knowledge. You don’t need someone else’s yes or no list. You need to be informed and empowered to make decisions that work for you.

How to Navigate Nutrition Claims (Without a Degree in Nutrition)

I suggest asking yourself these questions to cut through the noise:

What am I trying to achieve with my nutrition choices right now? What is my current goal, both overall and specifically? Am I optimising for weight loss, for feeling energetic, for managing symptoms, for longevity?

If this claim is true, is it true “for what”? What was actually tested in the research? What perspective or lens was used? Is this relevant to my situation and my goals?

What level of compromise or effort am I willing to make? Is this worth it for my specific goals? Can I sustain this approach long-term?

Do I understand why this recommendation exists - the actual mechanism behind it? Or am I taking it on faith without the details, which means it might not apply specifically to me and my goals?

When something is presented as all-or-nothing, that’s usually a red flag. The evidence is almost always more nuanced than that.

The Real Empowerment

You don’t need another diet plan or strict food rules.

You need to understand how your body works so you can make informed decisions that fit your life, your goals, and your individual circumstances.

That’s not the easy answer. It requires more thinking than just following a list. But it’s the only approach that creates long-term sustainability and puts you in control of your own health.

You’re smart enough to handle nuance. You’re capable of making these decisions for yourself. The goal isn’t to find someone who’ll tell you exactly what to eat. It’s to build your own judgement based on solid understanding.

That’s actual empowerment. Not another set of rules to follow.

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But we live in the real world. You can’t grow all your vegetables, catch all your fish, and mill your own flour. Let’s face it, it’s a struggle to cook from scratch every day. You have a job, a life, maybe kids, definitely not enough hours in the day. Processed foods aren’t just convenient - they’re essential for making healthy eating sustainable in real life. Frozen vegetables retain their nutrients. Canned beans save hours of soaking. Plain yogurt gives you probiotics without needing a fermentation setup in your kitchen.

Yet everywhere you look, the message is clear: processed foods are bad. Avoid them at all costs. Choose whole foods only.

This creates a problem. You need processed foods to make healthy eating work in your actual life, but you’re told they’re sabotaging you. So you’re left confused, maybe a little scared, and definitely not empowered to make good choices.

The real issue isn’t whether frozen broccoli or canned beans are “processed” - you already know they are fine. The confusion starts with everything else. When you’re looking at peanut butter, protein bars, plant milk, bread, or salmon that comes pre-marinated - how do you know what’s helping you and what’s working against you? Where’s the line between convenient and problematic? And most importantly, why?

Understanding the mechanisms behind processed foods is the key to feeling empowered to make better decisions. Once you know what specific types of processing actually do in your body and why certain ingredients matter, you can look at any label and make an informed decision. You can move from following strict rules of allowed/forbidden foods to using knowledge to navigate the middle ground where most of your food choices actually live. This empowers you to handle even that situation where you’re stuck in a meeting at work, haven’t eaten for hours, and what’s on offer are some Oreos and coffee and you can’t help yourself but are scared to ruin everything (hint: eat the Oreo, enjoy it, nothing will happen).

What’s Actually Problematic About Processed Foods

When research says “highly processed foods make weight loss harder,” it’s not a moral judgement, but a description of mechanical and biological effects which are inherent to how these foods are created.

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Processed Foods Bypass Your Satiety Mechanisms

Your body has built-in systems to regulate how much you eat. These systems work through a combination of physical fullness signals from your stomach, hormonal signals from your gut, and feedback from your brain about nutrient availability. Certain types of food processing can override these systems.

Calorie density and volume - Processed foods have a higher calorie density per volume. In a study published in Cell Metabolism, researchers gave people two diets with identical calories, protein, fat, carbs, sugar, fibre, and sodium. The only difference was the processing level. On the ultra-processed diet, people ate about 500 extra calories per day and gained weight. On the unprocessed diet, they ate less and lost weight. Why? Calorie density. You can consume 500 calories of crisps in five minutes. To get 500 calories from vegetables and fruit, you’d need to eat several cups - which would take much longer and fill your stomach before you finished. When calories are condensed into small volumes, you can consume them faster than your satiety signals can register. This isn’t about willpower - it’s about the actual timing it takes you to consume the food versus the physiological timing of fullness signals. If you can eat enormous quantities quickly before satiety kicks in, you end up eating more.

Eating speed and texture - The same study found that people ate ultra-processed meals nearly twice as fast as unprocessed meals, consuming about 50 calories per minute versus 25 calories per minute on the whole food diet. Foods that are soft, require minimal chewing, and practically melt in your mouth can be eaten quickly. Your brain needs about 20 minutes to register fullness. When you can finish a meal in 8 minutes, you’ve consumed far more calories before your brain catches up. Whole foods that require chewing and take time to eat give your satiety hormones (like GLP-1 and PYY) time to kick in. The physical act of chewing more also increases satiety signals. Research shows that increasing the number of chews per bite significantly boosts feelings of fullness. Ultra-processed foods circumvent this entire system.

Engineered palatability - Food scientists design processed foods to hit what’s called the “bliss point” - the perfect combination of sugar, fat, salt, and texture that maximises pleasure and keeps you wanting more. This isn’t conspiracy theory; it’s documented food science. Research published in Obesity Reviews found that hyper-palatable foods activate the brain’s reward centres in ways that can override normal satiety signalling. These foods trigger dopamine release similar to addictive substances. The result is that your brain’s reward system can drive you to keep eating even when your body has had enough. This is why you can eat an entire sleeve of biscuits but couldn’t possibly eat an equivalent number of apples. The difference isn’t preference - it’s the intentional design of the food to be irresistible to our brains.

In practical terms, this doesn’t mean you’ll never eat crisps and biscuits. It means you might want to take a small portion away from the bag, consume it with some apple or cheese, have some water with it, and perhaps take a break before going for seconds. Being aware that your need for more might be driven by engineered palatability rather than true hunger helps you pause and reconsider. You can always choose to have more, but you’re making a conscious choice rather than being driven by food engineered for overconsumption.

Processed Foods Create Blood Sugar Chaos

Refined carbohydrates - Many processed foods are made with refined grains and added sugars that cause rapid spikes in blood glucose. Your pancreas responds by releasing insulin to bring blood sugar back down. This rapid spike and fall creates a pattern: high blood sugar triggers insulin, insulin drives glucose into cells (including fat cells for storage), blood sugar drops, and you feel hungry again despite having consumed plenty of calories. A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that people eating meals high in refined carbohydrates experienced increased hunger and cravings compared to those eating the same calories from whole food sources. The mechanism is straightforward: the faster and higher your blood sugar rises, the harder it falls, and the hungrier you feel afterwards.

Insulin resistance over time - Chronically eating foods that spike blood sugar trains your body to become less responsive to insulin. This is called insulin resistance, and it makes weight loss increasingly difficult. When your cells are insulin resistant, more of your calories get stored as fat, and you have a harder time accessing stored fat for energy. Research in Diabetes Care shows that diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars promote insulin resistance, whilst diets based on whole foods improve insulin sensitivity. This isn’t just about weight - insulin resistance is a key factor in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Added sugars: Many processed foods contain added sugars listed under different names - high-fructose corn syrup, maltose, dextrose, cane sugar, fruit juice concentrate, and dozens more. These all behave similarly in your body, spiking blood sugar and insulin.

The practical take away is to look at the Ingredient list order. Ingredients are listed by weight. If sugar (by any name) is in the first 3-5 ingredients, that’s significant.

It’s worth looking at the added sugar content too. Check the nutrition label of foods - 5 grams or less per serving is considered low. 10-15 grams starts becoming problematic. 20+ grams is a lot of added sugar that will very likely spike your blood sugar. In addition, health organizations recommend limiting added sugars to about 25-30 grams per day for women. So every time you are consuming something with added sugar you are “eating into your budget” for the day. When it comes to processed foods, there is usually a lot of added sugar per serving, without the satiety that comes with it.

Processed Foods Are Nutritionally Incomplete

Low nutrient density- Whole foods usually provide substantial nutrition per calorie - fibre, protein, vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients. Processed foods often provide mostly energy with minimal nutrients. Research suggests that when your diet is built on nutrient-poor foods, your body may continue driving your appetite up, in an effort to make you eat more, in search of missing nutrients. A study in Appetite found that people eating nutrient-poor diets experienced more frequent hunger and cravings compared to those eating nutrient-dense diets with the same calories. The hypothesis is that your body isn’t just looking for energy - it’s looking for specific nutrients. When those nutrients are missing, hunger persists even after you’ve eaten adequate calories.

Fibre content - Fibre does several important things: it adds physical bulk to food, slows digestion, stabilises blood sugar, and feeds beneficial gut bacteria. Many processed foods have had their fibre removed or reduced during processing. Studies show that fibre intake is inversely associated with body weight - people who eat more fibre tend to weigh less, even when total calorie intake is similar. The mechanisms are multiple: fibre increases satiety, reduces calorie absorption, and improves the gut microbiome. When processing removes fibre, it removes all these benefits.

Protein density- Protein is the most sating macronutrient and has the highest thermic effect (your body burns more calories digesting it). Many processed foods are low in protein relative to their calorie content. Research consistently shows that higher protein intake supports better appetite regulation and greater fat loss during calorie restriction. Studies show that high-protein diets led to greater weight loss and better preservation of lean muscle mass. Processed foods that are low in protein don’t trigger the same satiety mechanisms that protein-rich whole foods do.

In practical terms: Look at the nutrition label - higher fibre and protein content generally means better satiety and nutrition per calorie. Then check the ingredient list to assess nutrient retention. Minimally processed foods like canned beans retain most of their vitamins, minerals, and beneficial compounds despite being processed for convenience. As processing becomes more extensive - refining, extracting, reconstituting - nutrient loss increases. A bar made from whole dates and nuts retains fibre and minerals; one made from fruit juice concentrate and isolates has had nutrients stripped out. The ingredient list tells the story: “chickpeas, water, salt” means nutrients are intact. A long list of isolated starches, sugars, oils, and additives means the original food has been broken down and reassembled, likely losing micronutrients in the process. Choose foods where you can still recognise the original ingredients.

The Digestive Energy Difference

Your body burns calories digesting food, also known as the thermic effect of food. Whole foods, especially protein and fibrous vegetables, require significant energy to break down. Foods that have been heavily processed are already partially broken down, so your body expends less energy digesting them. A study in Food & Nutrition Research found that whole food meals had a thermic effect nearly 50% higher than processed food meals with the same macronutrients. Over time, this adds up. If your body burns 50-100 fewer calories per day digesting processed versus whole foods, that’s a meaningful difference in your energy balance.

Processed Foods Contain Additives That May Affect Your Biology

Emulsifiers and gut health - Research is emerging on how certain food additives affect the gut microbiome. A study in Nature found that common emulsifiers (used to improve texture and extend shelf life) can disrupt the gut barrier (which keeps pathogens and other problematic components from getting into our bloodstream) and alter gut bacteria composition in ways that promote inflammation and metabolic syndrome. The existing evidence suggests that some additives may directly affect metabolism and appetite regulation through their effects on gut bacteria.

Sodium content - Heavily processed foods often contain high levels of sodium for flavour and preservation. Whilst sodium itself doesn’t directly cause weight gain, research suggests that high sodium intake may affect how your body regulates fluid balance and can increase hunger and thirst, potentially leading to higher calorie intake. It also contributes to bloating and water retention, which affects how you feel in your body.

In practical terms: Look at the ingredient list of any processed food you’re considering. Do you recognise most ingredients as actual food? Would you find them in a standard kitchen? Generally, the shorter the list and the more recognisable the ingredients, the less heavily processed the food is. This test isn’t perfect - some added vitamins have technical names (ascorbic acid is vitamin C, tocopherol is vitamin E), and some common additives like citric acid (from citrus) or pectin (from fruit) are benign. But it’s a useful starting point.

What you’re really looking for: Are most ingredients whole foods (peanuts, oats, dates, tomatoes) or isolated/manufactured compounds (maltodextrin, hydrogenated oils, artificial flavours, modified food starch)? The shorter the ingredient list and the more it reads like a recipe you could follow, the better.

The Science on Long-Term Health Effects

Beyond weight, research shows that diets high in ultra-processed foods are associated with several health concerns. A large study published in BMJ followed over 100,000 people and found that each 10% increase in ultra-processed food consumption was associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Another study found associations between ultra-processed food intake and increased cancer risk.

The mechanisms likely include chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, disrupted gut microbiome, insulin resistance, and the cumulative effects of additives and contaminants that accumulate through extensive processing. This doesn’t mean eating processed foods occasionally will harm you - it means that making heavily processed foods the foundation of your diet has measurable negative long-term consequences.

How to Balance Convenience and Health: Finding the Middle Ground

Now that you understand the mechanisms, you can make informed choices. The goal isn’t perfection or elimination - it’s awareness and prioritisation.

First Priority: Whole Foods (Including Smart Processing)

Build most of your diet around foods that are unprocessed or minimally processed for convenience. This includes: fresh vegetables and fruits, frozen vegetables and fruits (just as nutritious), canned beans and tomatoes (check for no added sugar), plain yogurt (Greek, regular, Icelandic), eggs, fresh meat, fish and poultry, tofu, nuts and seeds without added oils or sugar, dried legumes, whole grains like oats and rice.

Yes, some of these are technically “processed” - yogurt requires fermentation, canned beans are cooked and preserved, frozen vegetables are blanched. But this processing doesn’t remove nutrients or add problematic ingredients. It makes whole foods accessible.

Second Priority: Processed with Minimal Additives

Some foods require more processing but can still support your goals when you make an informed choice. The key is reading labels. Look for short ingredient lists where you recognise (almost) everything as actual food.

Peanut butter: Some brands have a short ingredient list: “peanuts, salt.” Many others list “peanuts, sugar, hydrogenated oils, mono and diglycerides, salt.” The first is minimally processed. The second has added sugar and processed fats that change how it affects your blood sugar and satiety.

Plant milk: Some list “almonds, water, salt.” Some have a long string of additives, thickeners, and sweeteners. Choose versions with short, recognisable ingredient lists.

This category is where label-reading matters most. You can find conveniently processed foods with very short ingredient lists, or versions with long chemical lists. The choice is yours, but make an informed one.

What to Minimise: Highly Processed Foods

These are products that have been broken down, reconstituted, and filled with ingredients your grandmother wouldn’t recognise. Long ingredient lists with multiple forms of added sugar, artificial colours and flavours, hydrogenated oils, emulsifiers, and various -ose and -dextrin ingredients.

Examples: Most packaged biscuits, crisps, sweets, sugary cereals (even ones marketed as “healthy”), many granola bars, many protein bars, flavoured yogurts with 15+ grams of added sugar, frozen meals with long ingredient lists, fast food, heavily processed deli meats.

The research is clear: when these foods make up a significant portion of your diet, they work against your weight and health through every mechanism discussed. They’re engineered for overconsumption, they spike blood sugar, they provide poor nutrition relative to calories, and they may affect your gut health and metabolism through various additives.

Does this mean never eat them? No. A biscuit with your coffee because that’s what you had available and genuinely wanted won’t harm you. The issue is frequency and proportion. When these are occasional treats rather than daily staples, your body can handle them fine. When they make up 50% of your diet, you’re working against yourself.

Your Label-Reading Framework

Here’s what to look for on any label:

Ingredient list length: Shorter is generally better. Can you recognise everything as actual food?

Ingredient list order: Ingredients are listed by weight. If sugar (by any name) is the first or second ingredient, look carefully.

Added sugar content: The less the better. Look for products with 5g or less per serving for regular consumption.

Sugar’s many names: Cane sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, maltose, dextrose, fruit juice concentrate, honey, agave, and dozens more. They all affect your blood sugar similarly.

Fibre and protein content: Higher numbers mean better satiety. If something is high in calories but has less than 3 grams of fibre and less than 5 grams of protein per serving, it won’t fill you up well.

Recognisability test: Would your grandmother recognise these ingredients? Could you buy them in a regular grocery shop if you wanted to make this at home? If the answer is no, that’s heavy processing.

Convenience-to-processing ratio: Sometimes a processed option makes sense. You’re at a hotel buffet - you can grab sugary granola, or you can choose plain yogurt and add fruit and nuts yourself (the better choice). Sometimes you’re starving with only a vending machine nearby - a protein bar with recognisable ingredients beats crisps. And sometimes you just want the highly processed snack, but since you know it’s not really good for you, you have a little bit, once in a blue moon and move on. Context matters.

Your Key Takeaway (TL;DR)

You need processed foods to make healthy eating work in real life. The question isn’t whether to eat them - it’s which ones to choose and how often.

The science shows that certain types of processing make weight loss harder by bypassing satiety mechanisms, creating blood sugar chaos, providing poor nutrition relative to calories, and potentially affecting gut health and metabolism through additives. Understanding these mechanisms gives you the power to make informed decisions.

You don’t need to be perfect. You don’t need to avoid all processed foods. You need to understand what you’re looking at, what it does in your body, and how to prioritise your choices. Frozen vegetables and canned beans are processed but excellent. Natural peanut butter is processed but supportive. Pre-flavoured yogurt with 6 grams of added sugar is processed but reasonable. The same yogurt with 22 grams of added sugar is processed and problematic.

Learn to read labels. Look for short ingredient lists with recognisable foods. Check added sugar content. Consider the fibre and protein. Ask yourself if the convenience-to-processing trade-off makes sense for your situation right now.

This isn’t about rules or restrictions. It’s about understanding how food works in your body so you can navigate your grocery shopping and your kitchen with confidence. The confusion disappears when you know what you’re looking for and why it matters.

You’re learning to distinguish between processing that helps you (accessibility, preservation, convenience) and processing that works against you (nutrient removal, additive inclusion, engineered overconsumption). That knowledge is power.

If you’re like most women, you know you “should” drink more water. You’ve heard it’s good for you. Maybe you even carry a water bottle around. But if I asked you how much you actually drank today, you’d probably have to guess.

Here’s the thing: water isn’t just “healthy.” It’s one of the most underutilised tools for weight loss, and I’m not talking about some trendy lemon water detox or alkaline water invention.

I’m talking about plain, simple water. Enough of it. Consistently.

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7 Ways Water Supports Weight Loss and Helps You Feel Your Best

1. Water Fills You Up - Literally

When you drink water, it takes up physical space in your stomach. This triggers stretch receptors in your stomach wall that send “I’m full” signals to your brain.

Research shows that humans tend to consume roughly the same weight of food each day, regardless of how many calories that food contains. We eat until we feel physically full, until our stomach is satisfied, not until we’ve hit a specific calorie target.

This means that when you drink water with or before meals, you’re adding weight and volume to what’s in your stomach without adding calories. You’ll reach that “satisfied” feeling earlier and naturally eat less food.

In one study, people who drank two glasses of water right before a meal ate about 22% fewer calories than those who didn’t drink water beforehand. Another study specifically involving middle-aged and older adults found that drinking about 500ml (roughly 2 cups) of water before each main meal led to about 2 kilograms (around 4.4 pounds) more weight loss over 12 weeks compared to a group who dieted without the extra water.

That’s a significant difference from such a simple habit.

It’s important to say: the idea is not to drink water instead of eating proper meals. You are not trying to get full on water so you don’t need to eat. It’s to make sure that once you’ve eaten enough nourishing food, you’re not continuing to eat needlessly in response to other needs that aren’t actually hunger.

2. Your Brain Confuses Thirst and Hunger

This is one of the most important things you need to understand about hydration and weight loss.

The sensations of thirst and hunger originate from neighbouring areas in the brain - specifically, the hypothalamus. These areas are so close together that your brain sometimes confuses the signals. What feels like hunger might actually be thirst.

Think about how many times you’ve felt “hungry” between meals, reached for a snack, and then still felt unsatisfied afterward. There’s a good chance your body was asking for water, not food.

This confusion becomes even more problematic as we age. Our natural sense of thirst becomes less acute in midlife. By the time you feel genuinely thirsty, you might already be mildly dehydrated. And by then, your brain has probably been sending you false hunger signals for a while.

Instead, when you feel hungry after eating a proper meal, drink half a bottle of water - not just a glass. Really get full on water. Wait 10-15 minutes. More often than not, you’ll notice that craving has gone. If you were actually just thirsty, that hunger sensation will disappear. If you’re truly hungry, you’ll still want food - but you’ll have satisfied your hydration needs first.

Again, this is not about replacing nourishing food with water. This is about making sure you’re eating to fulfil your need for food and not for other reasons. You are not trying to trick your mind into having water instead of food, but help distinguish between two different needs.

3. Dehydration Makes Everything Harder

It’s easy to not drink enough, and when you don’t, it cascades into so many other things that impact how you’re feeling.

Even very mild dehydration - the kind where you don’t even feel particularly thirsty - can make you feel tired, sluggish, and unable to concentrate. Your energy drops. Your motivation plummets. You feel less inclined to move your body, exercise, or do the things that move you in the direction you want to go.

It’s important to recognise that your body needs adequate hydration to function optimally. Every single cell in your body depends on water to work properly. When you’re running on low, everything becomes harder.

Staying properly hydrated sets the stage for feeling your best. It gives you the energy and mental clarity to follow through on your positive habits. It’s one piece of the foundation - not the whole building, but an essential part of it.

4. The Water Retention Paradox

The more water you drink, the less likely you are to retain water and feel puffy, bloated and heavy.

It sounds counterintuitive, but here’s how it works.

When you’re dehydrated, your body releases a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. This hormone signals your kidneys to hold onto water and produce less urine - your body’s way of conserving the water it has. When you drink enough water regularly, ADH secretion is suppressed. Your kidneys release water normally, and you don’t retain excess fluid.

In other words: drinking too little water triggers your body to hold onto every drop it can get. Drinking enough water signals your body that there’s plenty available, so it doesn’t need to hoard it.

Now water retention isn’t the same as fat gain, but feeling puffy and bloated is uncomfortable, might make you feel self conscience and can mask your progress on the scale. The best way to reduce puffiness and reverse water retention is actually to drink more water, not less.

5. Water Helps Keep Your Stress Hormones in Check

Chronic low fluid intake has been shown to increase cortisol responsiveness. Cortisol is your primary stress hormone, and while it’s essential for life, chronically elevated cortisol is problematic for both weight loss and health.

Research shows that people who habitually drink less than about 1.5 litres daily have exaggerated cortisol responses when faced with stressful situations. Their bodies release significantly more cortisol in response to stress compared to people who stay well-hydrated.

Elevated cortisol makes fat loss harder, particularly around your middle. It also affects your appetite, energy levels, and sleep quality. While drinking water won’t eliminate whatever stress life might bring, staying hydrated helps ensure your body’s stress response doesn’t become amplified by dehydration.

Making sure you are drinking enough is one way to support better hormone balance, which in turn supports your fat loss efforts.

6. Fibre Needs Water to Work

If you’re eating more fibre to support your nutrition and health (and you should be - fibre is fantastic for satiety, blood sugar management, and gut health), you absolutely need to drink more water.

Both types of dietary fibre - soluble and insoluble - rely on water to function properly.

Soluble fibre dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance in your digestive tract. This gel helps you feel fuller for longer and supports healthy blood sugar levels. But without adequate water, soluble fibre can’t form that gel.

Insoluble fibre doesn’t dissolve in water, but it attracts water into your stool, making it softer and bulkier. This helps move things through your digestive system smoothly and prevents constipation. Without enough water, insoluble fibre can actually worsen constipation rather than relieve it.

If you’ve increased your fibre intake and feel bloated or constipated, the solution isn’t usually to reduce fibre - it’s to increase your water intake. The two work together.

As a general rule: as your fibre intake goes up, your water intake needs to go up proportionally.

7. Water Supports Regularity and Waste Elimination

Water helps your digestive system move food through your gastrointestinal tract, prevents constipation, and supports the elimination of waste products from your body.

When you’re constipated or irregular, you feel bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish. You’re also literally carrying around extra waste weight. More importantly, feeling physically uncomfortable makes it harder to stay active and make good choices.

Your body also eliminates metabolic waste products through urine. When you’re well-hydrated, your kidneys can efficiently filter your blood and remove waste. When you’re dehydrated, this process becomes less efficient. So drinking enough also supports your liver’s detoxification processes.

Being regular isn’t just about comfort - it’s about your body being able to efficiently eliminate what it doesn’t need. Water is essential for this process.

Why “Just a Glass Here or There” Isn’t Enough

Here’s where a lot of women go wrong: they think having a glass of water with lunch and maybe one at dinner is sufficient. But you’re missing out on most of the benefits we’ve just discussed.

Chronic mild dehydration is incredibly common. You might not feel desperately thirsty, but your body is operating below optimal capacity. Your metabolism is slightly suppressed. Your energy is lower. Your brain is foggier. You’re more likely to mistake thirst for hunger and keep looking for something to eat. You’re not getting the satiety benefits of water filling your stomach. Your fibre isn’t working properly. Your cortisol response to stress is amplified.

Think of hydration like sleep or nutrition - you can’t just do a little bit and expect full benefits. You need consistency and adequacy.

The goal isn’t to occasionally drink water. The goal is to drink enough water throughout the day, every day, so that your body is consistently well-hydrated and water intake becomes automatic.

This means having water available and drinking it regularly - not just when you remember or when you’re parched, but throughout the day as a habit.

How Much Water Should You Actually Drink?

You’ve probably heard the classic advice: “Drink eight glasses of water a day.”

This 8x8 rule (eight 8-ounce glasses, which is about 2 litres or roughly 68 fluid ounces) is a decent simple target for many people. In reality, the ideal amount varies from person to person.

General guidelines suggest about 2-2.7 litres (roughly 68-91 fluid ounces, or 8-11 cups) of total fluids per day for women. This includes all beverages (including tea and soups) and even foods containing water, such as watermelon. About 20% of our water typically comes from foods, and the rest from drinks.

So if you aim for roughly 8-12 cups of water a day, you’re in the right ballpark for most adults. Personally I find it easier to have a bottle of water around whose quantity i know and just make sure i refill it twice. That way i can drink whenever i feel like it and am not limited to finishing a glass or stopping when one finishes, as long as I know i refiled and finished it twice (obviously depends on the size of your bottle and the volume you are trying to consume).

One practical way to check that you’re drinking enough: look at the colour of your urine. A pale, light yellow colour (similar to the colour of pale camomile tea) generally means you’re well-hydrated. Dark yellow urine verging on orange is a sign you need to drink more.

What’s important to know, is that thirst isn’t always a reliable indicator. You might not feel particularly thirsty even when you’re under-hydrated. Your body’s signals can lag behind its actual needs, especially as you get older.

The Myth: Does Drinking Water With Meals Harm Digestion?

You might have heard that drinking water with meals “dilutes your stomach acid” and impairs digestion or nutrient absorption. But there is no research to indicate that’s the case.

According to gastroenterologists, water does not dilute stomach acid or enzymes in any meaningful way. The human digestive system actively adjusts its secretions - acid, bile, enzymes - based on the consistency and contents of a meal.

Even if you drank 300ml (about 10 fluid ounces) of water with a meal, your stomach compensates almost immediately by producing more acid. Studies show gastric pH returns to its normal acidic state within minutes.

Clinical studies and reviews found no evidence that drinking water or other fluids with meals impairs digestion or nutrient absorption. Research specifically measured stomach emptying and found that adding water had no effect on the digestion rate of solid food.

In fact, water is a natural part of digestion. Our saliva is mostly water. Stomach acid itself contains water. Water helps break down solid food into chyme (the semi-liquid mixture that moves into our small intestine), which actually aids nutrient absorption rather than hindering it.

On the other hand, there are many benefits to drinking water with meals:

• Water helps soften and move food along the gastrointestinal tract, which can prevent constipation and bloating

• It encourages slower eating - pausing to sip water can help you tune into fullness signals and prevent overeating

• It contributes to your daily fluid needs without adding calories

• Drinking water before or during meals increases satiety and can help you naturally eat less, which supports weight loss

So drink water with your meals if you want to. In fact, doing so can help you feel fuller, eat less, stay hydrated, and support smooth digestion.

Practical Tips to Help You Drink Enough

Carry a water bottle everywhere - Keeping water accessible makes you more likely to sip regularly. You can even mark the bottle with time goals (halfway by noon, for example) to pace yourself. Personally, I find that drinking from a bigger bottle means I drink more each time than if I just grab one glass at a time.

Start your day with water - Drink water first thing in the morning. It rehydrates you after sleep and helps you stay on track with hydration throughout the day.

Drink before meals - Make it a habit to drink a full glass before each meal. Drink while you’re making the meal, as part of putting things together (even if it’s just as you’re grabbing them out of the fridge). This helps with satiety and ensures you’re not mistaking thirst for hunger.

Drink before you snack - If you feel like having something to eat between meals and you know you recently ate enough, it’s usually a good habit to drink half a bottle of water and wait 15 minutes to see if the urge goes away. If you’re eating well and enough in your main meals, you might find that it was just your body signalling it needs more water.

Add flavour - If plain water is boring, you can add lemon, lime, cucumber, orange slices, or herbs like mint. Unsweetened herbal teas count towards your hydration too, and you can steep a herbal tea, let it cool down, and drink it as ‘flavoured water’.

Set reminders - Some people find it helpful to set an alarm or use a smartphone app. Even a sticky note on your desk saying “Drink Water” can help. Over time, it should become automatic.

Replace sugary drinks - Choose water over fizzy drinks, sweet tea, or juice. You’ll cut a lot of empty calories. Swapping a can of fizzy drink for water saves you about 150 calories or more. I find that It’s a better mindset to think of any flavoured, sugary drink (even diet ones) as a sort of snack or food. Despite being in liquid form, think of it as a treat with your meal or without, not as an alternative drink to water. Water is water and can come as still or sparkling, but don’t think of it as another drink - it should be in a category of its own.

Be mindful of alcohol and caffeine - Both have a diuretic effect, which means they make you lose water and increase urination. You don’t have to eliminate them, but be conscious to drink extra water when you consume them. This is really easy to mitigate - for every cup of coffee or glass of wine, have an extra glass of water.

Adjust for activity - If you exercise, drink before, during, and after your workouts. Don’t wait until you’re done.

Water is one of your best allies on your weight loss journey.

It helps control hunger by preventing the confusion between thirst and hunger signals. It increases feelings of fullness, which naturally helps you eat less. It keeps your stress hormones from becoming amplified. It helps your fibre work properly. It supports regularity and waste elimination. And it sets the stage for you to feel energised and capable of following through on your other healthy habits.

Even more importantly, water keeps your body functioning optimally - from cognitive function to digestion to hormone regulation.

It’s one of the simplest things you can do for your health and weight loss, and one of the most powerful.

But here’s what that equation doesn’t tell you: your body isn’t a calculator. It’s a biological system that changes throughout the day. And one of those changes is how it processes food.

The same meal, eaten at 8am versus 8pm, gets handled differently by your body. Same calories, same nutrients, measurably different metabolic response. This isn’t about fasting protocols or the right number of meals. It’s about something simpler: understanding that when we eat is connected to how we evolved, and using that knowledge to work with our biology instead of against it.

How We Got Here

For most of human existence, we ate when there was light. We hunted, gathered, prepared, and consumed food during the day. When darkness fell, we slept. Not by choice, by necessity. No artificial light meant no food preparation after sunset.

Our body adapted over millennia. We have an internal clock, our circadian rhythm , that runs on roughly 24 hours, set primarily by light and darkness (circadian literally means “about a day”). There’s a master clock in our brain, but also peripheral clocks in our liver, fat tissue, muscles, pancreas. These clocks don’t just control sleep and alertness. They control how we process food.

Our biology evolved for front-loading calories earlier in the day and tapering off in the evening. Eating when you need energy to function, fasting when you sleep, recuperate, rest, digest.

Modern life disrupted this pattern. Artificial light, 24-hour food availability, work schedules, social outings. We’re no longer limited by the sunset, but our biology hasn’t updated. Our internal clock is still running on that old programme, expecting food during daylight and fasting after dark.

And this shows up in how our body handles food throughout the day.

Insulin sensitivity peaks in the morning and declines through the evening - you’re literally better equipped to process carbohydrates earlier in the day. Your metabolic rate shifts - you burn more calories digesting food at 8am than at 8pm. Your hormones cycle. Cortisol rises early to help you wake up and to mobilise energy. Melatonin (the sleep hormone) climbs in the evening, in preparation for sleep and directly interferes with insulin secretion. When melatonin is high, your glucose handling gets worse.

The same meal, same calories, processed differently at different times of day. And this is not theory, it’s measurable, documented and has been replicated in studies.

What the Research Shows

Multiple studies have tested whether meal timing affects weight loss when controlling for what and how much people eat. The results consistently point in the same direction.

Big breakfast versus big dinner: Women eating a large, protein-rich breakfast and a small dinner lost significantly more weight than women doing the opposite, having a small breakfast and a big dinner - identical total calories, just distributed differently.

In a 20 week study, women who ate their main meal after 3pm lost less weight than those who ate by mid-afternoon, despite consuming the same calories overall. Same food, same amount, different timing, different outcome.

Eating windows: Research comparing early eating windows (finishing eating for the day by mid-afternoon) to later windows (starting late and eating into the evening) found that while both support weight loss, early eating produces better metabolic outcomes - better insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, even when weight loss is similar.

Consistency: A 6 week study had participants eat at fixed, consistent times daily versus variable times. The regular-timing group lost 2.6 kg (5.7 lbs) compared to 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs) in the variable group. They didn’t change what they ate or reduce calories. Just ate at the same times each day. Consistency alone improved metabolism and hunger regulation.

The effect sizes aren’t massive - typically 1-2 kg (2-4 lbs) additional weight loss over several months from timing alone. Timing itself affects how your body processes energy.

What Happens When You Eat Late

To understand why timing matters, look at what happens when researchers deliberately delay eating.

In one controlled study, participants ate the same meals, but on some days ate them 4 hours later than normal. When eating was delayed:

• Leptin levels (satiety hormone) dropped. They felt hungrier.

• Post-meal calorie burning decreased.

• Fat tissue showed genetic changes favouring storage over burning.

Same food. Same calories. Different timing. The late eaters were hungrier and their bodies shifted toward storing rather than burning fat.

The blood sugar response is even more pronounced - When you eat later in the evening, melatonin is rising. Melatonin has receptors in your pancreas that reduce insulin release. As a result, identical meals eaten at night produce much higher blood glucose spikes than the same meals eaten in the morning.

If you’re trying to lose weight, this matters. Repeatedly spiking blood sugar triggers more insulin release. Insulin is a storage hormone - it tells your body to store energy. Spiking it at night when you’re about to be inactive for hours, when your body is least equipped to handle glucose, works against your goals. Those calories are more likely stored as fat instead of burned as fuel.

Interestingly those effect don’t just stop in the evening. The hormonal shifts from eating late carry over into the next day. In the delayed eating study, participants weren’t just hungrier that evening -they were hungrier the next morning. If you ever ate late at night, and woke up really hungry with no apparent reason, this could be why. Late eating creates a cycle: eat late, feel hungrier tomorrow, potentially eat more, repeat.

The Early Advantage

Let’s look at the flip side: what happens when you eat more in the morning.

Studies show that people eating a substantial breakfast feel more satisfied throughout the day and often eat less later, without consciously restricting. The early meal regulates appetite more effectively.

There’s evolutionary logic here. When you eat early, you’re consuming food when insulin sensitivity is highest, when cortisol is mobilising energy to wake up and move, when your body is primed to burn rather than store. You’re working with your biology instead of against it.

Even the data on consistent meal timing makes sense through this lens. Your peripheral clocks: in your liver, fat tissue, muscles, are influenced by when you eat. Eating at regular times keeps these clocks synchronised. Eating erratically sends conflicting signals. Your liver thinks it’s one time, your fat tissue another, your brain receives a third signal through light. The system works better with consistency: improved glucose tolerance, more efficient fat metabolism, better appetite hormone regulation.

Sleep quality matters too - Eating right before sleep disturbs sleep itself. Poor sleep affects hunger hormones the next day (increasing ghrelin, decreasing leptin) and impairs glucose metabolism. Most research suggests leaving 2-3 hours between your last meal and bedtime is beneficial.

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What’s Clear and What’s Not (Yet)

Not everything is clearly proven, just yet, so I don’t want to create the impression that things are clear cut.

What we know:

• Eating earlier in the day, when insulin sensitivity is higher and melatonin is low, aligns with circadian biology

• Late evening eating, particularly close to bedtime, produces worse metabolic outcomes - higher blood glucose, hormonal shifts favouring fat storage, increased next-day hunger

• Consistent meal timing improves metabolic function independent of what you eat

• Front-loading calories: more at breakfast, less at dinner, consistently shows better weight loss outcomes than the reverse

• Eating just before bed negatively impacts sleep quality, which increases hunger the next day

What’s less clear:

• Whether you must eat breakfast specifically, or whether the key is simply eating earlier and stopping earlier

• How much of the breakfast effect is about eating something in the morning versus not eating late at night

• The optimal timing for individual meals (is 7am better than 9am? is 6pm better than 7pm?)

• How these principles apply to women specifically, particularly across different hormonal states

The breakfast question: Observational studies (when data is observed as is, without any manipulations or interventions) consistently show breakfast skippers tend to weigh more and have worse metabolic health. This shows correlation between skipping breakfast and worse outcomes, but doesn’t necessarily mean one caused the other (maybe those that skipped breakfast did so because they had a high stressed life and that caused the negative outcome). Some recent genetic research suggests skipping breakfast itself might causally contribute to higher body weight. But we don’t have enough high-quality trials directly comparing breakfast eating to breakfast skipping while controlling for everything else - particularly for when the last meal happens.

What seems important isn’t necessarily eating breakfast at a specific time, but rather: eating earlier in your active day, front-loading calories toward the beginning of your eating window, and finishing eating well before sleep. Whether that means breakfast at 7am or 10am, whether you have three meals or two, seems less critical than the overall pattern of more food earlier, less food later.

Working with Your Body Clock

Based on what we know, here’s what’s worth considering:

Shift your calorie distribution earlier - You don’t have to have a massive breakfast. But if you’re currently eating a light breakfast (or none) and a large dinner, try reversing that pattern. More food earlier in the day, lighter in the evening.

Create consistency - Eating at roughly the same times each day helps your body regulate hunger and metabolism better. Even keeping breakfast, lunch, and dinner at more or less consistent times (including weekends) might be beneficial.

Leave a gap before sleep - The evidence is fairly consistent: eating close to bedtime isn’t ideal for weight management or sleep quality. Aim to finish eating 2-3 hours before bed.

If you’re not eating breakfast, experiment with adding it - Particularly if you’re struggling with hunger later in the day or with weight loss plateaus. Try eating something substantial in the morning for a few weeks and see what happens.

Things to Consider not Rules to Abide by

Before you start setting alarms and creating rigid schedules, remember: research tells us about population averages, not rules to follow rigidly.

The effect sizes are modest - typically 1-2 kg (2-4 lbs) additional weight loss over several months. This matters, but it’s not dramatic. Your total calorie intake, protein and fiber consumption, food quality, sleep, stress, and movement all likely matter more.

Individual variation is real and documented. Some women find eating breakfast makes them hungrier all day. Others find skipping it leads to overeating later. Your work schedule, natural hunger patterns, sleep timing, family dinner traditions - all of this matters. If you can’t eat with your family or have a date night because you’re finishing eating 3 hours before bed, that’s creating stress or unhappiness. The impact might be bigger than the metabolic impact of eating slightly later.

Treat This as an Experiment

Now you understand the simple biology: Your body has a clock. It processes food more efficiently earlier in the day. Eating against this clock appears to make weight loss harder.

Now experiment and see how you can use this in your favour:

Notice your current pattern - When do you eat most of your calories? When do you feel hungriest? How’s your weight loss going with your current timing?

Make one change - Don’t overhaul everything. Maybe try eating a bigger breakfast for three weeks. Or move dinner an hour earlier. Or eat at more consistent times.

Pay attention to results - Are you more satisfied during the day? Less hungry in the evening? Sleeping better? Losing weight more easily? Or does it make no difference? Or make things worse?

Adjust based on what you discover - If eating more in the morning helps, keep doing it. If it makes you ravenous all day, that’s important information too.

The goal isn’t to perfectly align with circadian rhythms at the expense of living your life. The goal is to understand how timing affects your body, then find what works for you within that framework.

You can’t change your biology. But you can work with it instead of against it. And for many women, shifting when they eat - not just what they eat - makes weight loss noticeably easier.

What you think about what you’re doing. Or in other words, your mindset.

It makes sense that our attitudes would impact our behaviour. If we think something is healthy and good for us, we might allow ourselves to have more of it. If we believe exercise is working, we might stick with it longer. Feelings impact behaviour. But what if I told you that your beliefs about what you’re doing - eating, exercising, managing stress - can have a tangible impact on your biology? Measurable hormonal responses in your body that occur based on your expectations, independent of the actual physical reality of what you’re doing?

Researchers have been studying how mindsets - our core beliefs about things - affect our physiology. Their work shows something quite remarkable: our thoughts can alter our body’s responses in ways that either support or undermine our goals.

This is valuable to understand because it highlights how our mind and body communicate, and it gives us practical ways to work with this system instead of against it.

When Beliefs Change Biology

Let’s start with food, since that’s where much of this research began.

In one keystone study, researchers gave participants the exact same 380 calorie milkshake on two separate occasions, one week apart. One time participants were told it was a 620 calorie “indulgent” shake. The other time they were told it was a 140 calorie “sensible” shake. The shakes were labeled accordingly - one as indulgent, one as healthy.

The researchers measured participants’ levels of ghrelin, the body’s primary hunger hormone, via blood samples at three different time points: before viewing the label, after viewing the label but before drinking, and after consuming the shake.

Here’s what they found: when participants believed they were drinking the indulgent shake, their ghrelin levels dropped dramatically after consumption - about three times more than when they thought they were drinking the sensible shake. Their hormonal response matched what they believed they were consuming, not what they actually consumed. Remember, both shakes had the same calories. But when participants thought they were consuming the calorie-dense shake, they felt less hungry. When they believed they were having a low-calorie healthy one, their hunger levels stayed higher.

Think about what that means. Ghrelin is your body’s hunger signal. When it’s elevated, your brain gets the message to seek food. When it drops after eating, your brain interprets that as “you’ve had enough.” A steep drop in ghrelin corresponds with feeling satisfied and potentially with a more active metabolism. A flat ghrelin response means your body is still signaling hunger, even though you’ve eaten the same amount of food.

This isn’t something you consciously control. You can’t just think your way into lower ghrelin production. But your mindset - your interpretation of what you’re eating - does influence it. Your brain primes your body based on what it expects from the food.

How the Mind-Body Communication Works

When you see food, read a label, or think about what you’re eating, your brain immediately starts making predictions. It’s essentially asking: “What am I about to consume? What should I prepare for?”

Based on those predictions, several things happen:

• Your digestive system begins preparing (or it doesn’t)

• Hormones start being released in anticipation of food coming in

• Your metabolic response initiates before the food even reaches your stomach

This is why you can salivate just thinking about food. Your body is already responding to the expectation.

Research on appetite regulation shows that hunger and satiety responses react to both actual nutrient content and psychological factors. Studies have found that expectations about food can influence not just ghrelin, but other appetite-related hormones as well. When people consume food they believe will be more satiating - whether because of texture, description, or perceived calorie content - they often show greater satiety responses, even when the actual food is identical.

There’s an evolutionary reason our biology developed this way. It’s more efficient for the body to start metabolic processes based on cues (smell, sight, thoughts) than to wait until food is fully digested and then react. In evolutionary terms, this helped our ancestors make quick decisions about food and allocate energy appropriately.

But here’s where it gets interesting for modern life: if you consistently approach eating with a deprivation mindset - thoughts like “this is diet food, this won’t be satisfying, I’m restricting” - you may be undermining your body’s satiety response. Your brain interprets restriction signals and responds by keeping you physiologically hungry, potentially conserving energy and slowing metabolism.

The reverse is also true. Approaching nutrient-dense food with a mindset of satisfaction and nourishment can enhance the signals that tell your body “you’ve eaten well, you can feel full now.”

It’s Not Just About Food

The mind-body connection extends far beyond what we eat. A different study looked at exercise and physical activity.

Researchers approached women working as hotel housekeepers. These women were on their feet all day - pushing heavy carts, changing linens, scrubbing bathrooms, vacuuming, climbing stairs. When the researchers analyzed their daily activity, it was clear they were getting well above the recommended amount of physical activity for good health.

But when surveyed, most of these women said they didn’t get any exercise. About a third said zero exercise, and the average response was very low. Even though they were physically active all day, they didn’t view their work as exercise. To them, it was just hard, tiring work that left them exhausted and in pain at the end of the day without any willingness to add exercise on top of it.

The researchers divided the women into two groups. One group was educated about how much exercise they were actually getting through their work. They were shown the surgeon general’s guidelines for physical activity and had it explained to them that their daily work met and exceeded those recommendations. They were told that what they were doing was good exercise. The other group received no information, they went on as they did before.

Four weeks later, the researchers checked back. The women who had been educated about their work being exercise showed measurable physiological changes:

• They lost weight

• They decreased body fat percentage

• They lowered their blood pressure by about 10 points on average

The control group showed no changes. But here is the most amazing part: there was no detectable change in the women’s actual behaviour. They didn’t work more rooms. They didn’t start doing additional exercise. They didn’t report changes in their diet. The only thing that changed was their mindset about what they were already doing.

Same physical activity. Different interpretation. Measurable physiological benefits.

Mindset as a Communication System

These studies reveal something fundamental about how our bodies work. Your brain acts as an interpreter, constantly trying to make sense of what’s happening and preparing your body to respond appropriately.

When you eat food labeled as “indulgent” and “satisfying,” your brain tells your body to respond as if you’ve consumed something substantial. When you view your physical activity as exercise rather than just exhausting work, your body responds to that activity differently.

This isn’t magic. It’s not the power of positive thinking overriding reality. It’s your brain using available information - including your beliefs and interpretations - to regulate physiological processes.

Research on stress shows a similar pattern. People who view stress as enhancing (something that can help them perform better, grow stronger, become more focused) show different physiological responses than people who view stress as purely debilitating. The “stress is enhancing” group shows more moderate cortisol responses and higher levels of DHEA, an anabolic hormone. They also report better health outcomes and higher performance in demanding situations.

The stressor itself is the same. The interpretation changes how the body responds to it.

What This Means for You

When you’re working on changing your body, whether that’s losing weight, building muscle, or improving your health, you’re working with multiple variables:

• What you actually do (the foods you eat, the exercise you perform)

• How your body processes what you do (your metabolism, hormone responses, adaptation)

• What you believe about what you’re doing (your mindset)

Most advice focuses entirely on the first variable. Eat this, not that. Do this workout. Follow this plan. And those things matter most, I’m not suggesting otherwise.

But the research shows that the third variable - your mindset - influences the second variable in ways we’re only beginning to understand. Your beliefs don’t replace good nutrition or effective exercise. They interact with those things, potentially amplifying or undermining their effects.

For example -

With food: You eat a high-protein, nutrient-dense meal. If you approach it thinking “this is boring diet food, I’m depriving myself,” your body might not signal satisfaction as effectively. You might feel hungrier sooner. You might be more likely to seek additional food later. But if you approach the same meal thinking “this is exactly what my body needs, this is satisfying and substantial,” your satiety response may be enhanced.

With exercise: You do a challenging strength training workout. Your muscles are sore the next day. If you interpret that soreness as “I hurt myself, this is damage, exercise is harmful,” your body is in a different state than if you interpret it as “my muscles are adapting, this is the process of getting stronger, this soreness means it’s working.” The physical reality is the same, but your stress response, recovery hormones, and even your likelihood of continuing the program might differ based on interpretation.

With weight loss progress: You step on the scale and it hasn’t moved this week despite following your plan. If you interpret this as “my body is broken, nothing works for me, I’m failing,” you trigger a stress response that could actually affect your metabolism. If you interpret it as “my body is adjusting, weight loss isn’t linear, this is normal,” you maintain a physiological state more conducive to continued progress.

If mindsets can influence ghrelin response to food, blood pressure response to physical activity, and cortisol response to stress, what other physiological processes might be affected by how we interpret our experiences?

The research in this area is still developing, but it raises interesting questions to ask ourselves:

Does how we think about menopause affect the physical experience of it? If you view it as inevitable decline, your body failing, the end of vitality - versus viewing it as a transition you can work with, a phase that comes with different advantages, an opportunity to build strength - does that interpretation affect your actual hormonal adaptation? Your stress response to the changes? How your body responds to the nutrition and exercise you provide it?

Does how we interpret hunger during weight loss matter? If you view hunger as your body “fighting you” and trying to sabotage your efforts, versus viewing it as a normal signal that you can work with and manage strategically, does that affect your hormonal response? Your stress levels? Your likelihood of success?

Does how we think about sleep affect how rested we feel? There’s been some research showing that when people are given false feedback about their sleep quality (told they slept poorly when they actually slept fine, or vice versa), their cognitive performance aligns with what they were told rather than their actual sleep quality. If beliefs can affect how a night of sleep impacts us, that has implications for how we frame imperfect sleep.

Does how we view our age and aging process affect our physical aging? Research has shown that people with more positive views on aging live longer and maintain better physical function as they age. Is this just because positive attitudes lead to better health behaviours? Or is there also a direct mind-body component where expectations about aging affect how the body ages?

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The Practical Question

Understanding that mindset matters is one thing. The practical question is: what do we do with this information?

If your brain is constantly interpreting your experiences and using those interpretations to regulate your body’s responses, and if those interpretations are shaped by cultural conditioning, past experiences, and the language we use to describe things - then we have leverage points.

We can’t just decide to believe something and instantly believe it. Mindset change isn’t as simple as “think positive.” But we can become aware of the interpretations we’re bringing to our experiences. We can notice the language we use, internally and externally, to describe what we’re doing. We can examine whether our current mindsets are serving us or working against us.

The diet industry has conditioned us to associate healthy eating with deprivation. Low-fat, low-calorie, lite, guilt-free - the language itself communicates “less than.” Research analysing restaurant menus, social media, and movies shows that healthy foods are consistently described as boring or restrictive, while unhealthy foods get exciting, indulgent, pleasure-focused descriptions. We’ve been taught that if food is good for us, it must not taste good. That healthy eating requires sacrifice.

What if the opposite is true? What if approaching nutritious food with a mindset of indulgence and satisfaction actually helps our bodies respond to it better?

The fitness industry often frames exercise as punishment. “Burn off those calories.” “Work off that dessert.” “No pain, no gain.” We’re told to push through pain, to view our bodies as adversaries that need to be beaten into submission.

What if reframing exercise as something your body is capable of, something that makes you stronger, something that’s a privilege rather than a punishment, changes how your body adapts to it?

These aren’t just “feel good” reframes. Based on what we know about how mindset affects measurable physiological responses, these perspective shifts might have real biological effects.

Does Your Mindset Help or Hinder Your Progress?

The field of mindset research is relatively young. Researchers are still figuring out the mechanisms, the boundaries, and the applications. But what’s clear is that the traditional separation between mind and body - the idea that what happens in your head is separate from what happens in your physiology - is too simplistic.

Our brain and body are in constant communication. Our brain interprets our experiences and uses those interpretations to regulate hormone release, metabolic processes, immune function, and more. Those interpretations are shaped by our beliefs, our expectations, our cultural conditioning, and the language we use.

This doesn’t mean you can think your way to weight loss without changing what you eat. It doesn’t mean you can imagine yourself into fitness without exercising. Obviously, the physical reality matters most. The actual nutrients you consume, the actual physical stress you put on your muscles, the actual sleep you get - all of this comes first.

But it does mean that how you think about those things matters too. Not just for motivation or adherence, but for the actual biological response your body has to what you’re doing.

Your mindset isn’t everything. But it’s not nothing either. And understanding how it works gives you one more tool to use in your favor.